Mongolian gerbils (male, 3 months old) were obtained from Japan SLC Inc. (Shizuoka, Japan), and the experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Seoul National University (SNU-200313–2). Ischemic surgery was conducted as described in previous studies [22 –24 (link)]. Briefly, animals were anesthetized with 2.5% isoflurane (Hana Pharm, Co., Ltd, Hwaseong, South Korea) and both common carotid arteries in neck region were exposed and they were occluded with non-traumatic vascular clip (Roboz Surgical Instrument Co., Gaithersburg, MD, USA) for 5 min. Obstruction and reperfusion of both common carotid arteries was confirmed by observing the retina artery using an ophthalmoscope (Heine Optotechnik, Herrsching, Germany). Immediately after ischemia/reperfusion, vehicle (saline containing 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), 1, 3, or 6 mg/kg 1,2,4-trihydroxyanthraquinone (purpurin, Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was orally administered to gerbils. The dosage was chosen based on the antidepressant-like effects of 6 mg/kg purpurin treatment in mice [17 (link)]. In addition, we did not use DMSO as a vehicle for in vivo studies because it shows neuroprotective effects against ischemic damage [25 (link)].
Purpurin
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Purpurin is a laboratory equipment product developed by Merck Group. It is a chemical compound that serves as a dye and can be used in various analytical and research applications. The core function of Purpurin is to provide a colorimetric indicator for the detection and quantification of specific analytes in samples.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Mongolian gerbils, by Japan SLC (2 mentions)
Astaxanthin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Flavone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ergocalciferol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Crocin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Olivetol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Thiamin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Lipoic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Uric acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Indole 3 carbinol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Caroten, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
7 8 dihydroxyflavone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Silibinin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Fecl2 4h2o, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
L ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium acetate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
9 protocols using purpurin
1
Purpurin Neuroprotection in Gerbil Ischemia
2
Photosensitized TiO2 Dye-Sensitized Cells
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TiO2 powder (TELIKA_NC, width = 20 nm, length = 80 nm, Rutile, TAEKYUNG SBC, Gunsan, Republic of Korea) was used as received without further purification. Three natural organic dyes, including Purpurin, curcumin, and safflower, were used as received without further purification. Purpurin (CAS no. 81-54-9) and curcumin (CAS no.458-37-7) powders, Eosin Y solution (CAS no.17372-87-1), and deionized water (ACS reagent, 320072) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States. Safflower extract was supplied by Chung Do Chemical Corporation Co., Ltd., Gunsan, Republic of Korea. Ammonia solution (extra pure, 25.0~30%) was supplied by Samchun Chemical, Pyeongtaek, South Korea. Conventional copernicia prunifera (Carnauba) wax (CAS no. 8015-86-9), castor oil (CAS no. 8001-79-4), and polysaccharides (CAS no. 71010-52-1) were purchased from a local drug store for the fabrication of color paste.
3
3T3-L1 Adipocyte Differentiation Protocol
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Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), bovine calf serum (BCS), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and other miscellaneous cell culture reagents were purchased from Hyclone Laboratories (Logan, UT, USA). Purpurin, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, aka MIX), dexamethasone (DEX), insulin, 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA), JC-1, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were the products of Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All reagents of analytical grade were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification and modification. MDI (M IX-D EX-I nsulin)-differentiation medium consisted of DMEM containing 10% FBS, 0.5 mM IBMX, 1 μM dexamethasone, 1 μg/mL insulin, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin. 3T3-L1 murine pre-adipocyte cells purchased from the American Type Tissue Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA).
4
Oxidative stress assay protocol
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Purpurin (purity ≥ 85.0%), Curcumin (purity ≥ 98.0%), L-glutathione reduced (GSH, purity ≥ 98.0%), L-glutathione oxidized (GSSG, purity ≥ 98.0%), L-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO, purity ≥ 97.0%), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, purity ≥ 99.0%), tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP, 70% in water) 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF, purity ~90%) and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA, purity ≥ 97.0%) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands). All buffer salts, including citric acid, tri-sodium citrate dihydrate, di-sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate and formic acid, and acetonitrile for Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry assay, were also obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands). Methanol of analytical grade was ordered from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, United Kingdom). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium with Ham’s Nutrient Mixture F-12 (1:1) (DMEM/F12), DMEM/F12 without phenol red, trypsin 0.05% EDTA, nonessential amino acids (NEAA) and phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.4 (PBS), geneticin (G418), penicillin/streptomycin, were purchased from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Invitrogen (Breda, The Netherlands).
5
Antioxidant Compounds Characterization
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2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH●), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazin (DPPH), 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), FeCl2·4H2O, FeCl3·6H2O, TROLOX, quercetin, rutin, baicalein, morin, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, (−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, l -ascorbic acid, tannic acid, crocin, -caroten, purpurin, silibinin, olivetol, gallic acid, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, avenanthramides A, B, and C, flavone, ergocalciferol, lipoic acid, biotin, thiamin, indole-3-carbinol, astaxanthin, uric acid, sodium acetate, ethanol, and acetic acid were purchased from Merck /Sigma/ (St. Louis, MO, USA).
6
Antioxidant Compounds Characterization
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2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH●), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazin (DPPH), 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), FeCl2·4H2O, FeCl3·6H2O, TROLOX, quercetin, rutin, baicalein, morin, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, (−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, l -ascorbic acid, tannic acid, crocin, -caroten, purpurin, silibinin, olivetol, gallic acid, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, avenanthramides A, B, and C, flavone, ergocalciferol, lipoic acid, biotin, thiamin, indole-3-carbinol, astaxanthin, uric acid, sodium acetate, ethanol, and acetic acid were purchased from Merck /Sigma/ (St. Louis, MO, USA).
7
DNA Modification and Analysis Protocol
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EcoRI, AvaI, PstI and T4 polynucleotide kinase were purchased from New England Biolabs Ltd. (Ipswich, MA, USA). BssHII was purchased from Takara Bio Inc. (Shiga, Japan). [γ-32P] ATP (222 TBq/mmol) was purchased from Perkin Elmer, Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). Purpurin, catalase (30,000 units/mg from bovine liver) and 3-(methylthio) propionaldehyde (methional) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., LLC. (St Louis, MO, USA). Copper chloride dihydrate (CuCl2·2H2O), ethanol, mannitol and sodium formate were purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). Diethylenetriamine-N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and bathocuproine disulfonic acid were purchased from Dojindo Laboratories (Kumamoto, Japan). Nuclease P1 (500 units/vial) and piperidine were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Calf intestinal phosphatase (500 units/vial) was purchased from Roche Diagnostics GmbH (Mannheim, Germany).
8
Anthraquinone Derivatives Bioactivity Evaluation
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Anthraquinone (9,10-Anthraquinone), anthrarufin (1,5-dihydroxyAnthraquinone), chrysazin (1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-Anthraquinone), purpurin (1,2,4-trihydroxyAnthraquinone), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Escherichia coli 0111:B4), and other analytical grade reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) was purchased from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, phosphate-buffered saline, fetal bovine serum, and other miscellaneous cell culture reagents were purchased from Hyclone Laboratories (Logan, UT, USA).
9
Purpurin's Neuroprotective Effects in Ischemic Gerbils
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Mongolian gerbils (male, 3 months old) were obtained from Japan SLC Inc. (Shizuoka, Japan), and the experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Seoul National University (SNU-200313-2). Ischemic surgery was conducted as described in previous studies [20] [21] [22] . Obstruction of both common carotid arteries was con rmed by observing the retina artery using an ophthalmoscope (Heine Optotechnik, Herrsching, Germany). Immediately after ischemia/reperfusion, vehicle (saline containing 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), 1, 3, or 6 mg/kg 1,2,4-trihydroxyanthraquinone (purpurin, Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was orally administered to gerbils. The dosage was chosen based on the antidepressant-like effects of 6 mg/kg purpurin treatment in mice [17] .
In addition, we did not use DMSO as a vehicle for in vivo studies because it shows neuroprotective effects against ischemic damage [23] .
In addition, we did not use DMSO as a vehicle for in vivo studies because it shows neuroprotective effects against ischemic damage [23] .
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