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17 protocols using vista mpx ccd simultaneous icp oes

1

Measuring Metal Concentrations in Rice

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Grain samples were de-husked to obtain unpolished brown grains. The de-husked grains were milled with a grain polisher (Kett grain polisher “Pearlest,” Kett Electric Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan) for 1 min to obtain polished grains. To measure iron concentration in shoots and roots, 1-week-old seedlings were grown on hydroponic solution (Kobayashi et al., 2005 (link)) containing different iron supplies (5 μM Fe-EDTA for iron-deficient and 100 μM Fe-EDTA for iron-sufficient conditions) for 1 week. Shoot and root samples were dried at 60°C for 5 days. Ground samples were boiled in 15 ml of 65% v/v HNO3 solution at 120°C for 90 min. Subsequently, 3 ml of 30% v/v H2O2 were added and boiled at 120°C for 90 min. Metal concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) (Varian Vista-MPX CCD Simultaneous ICP-OES). The wavelength used for iron, zinc, manganese, and copper were 238.204, 213.857, 257.610, and 324.754 nm, respectively. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) rice flour standard 1568a (NIST, USA)1 was treated and analyzed in the same manner and used as quality control for every measurement. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test, and the statistically significant differences among the tested lines were determined based on P = 0.05 and P = 0.01.
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2

Characterization of Red-Mud Leachate Composition

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The red-mud leachate used in this study was collected from the drainage pipe of a red-mud tailings pond in Southwest China. Various parameters, including pH, electric conductivity (EC), and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), of the leachate samples were measured immediately after sampling. The leachate sample was sealed in an HDPE sample bottle and brought back to the laboratory for testing. The chemical composition analysis was conducted following ASTM C618. Leachate samples were filtered through 0.45 µm filter paper and preserved with trace-grade nitric acid (HNO3). The elemental contents of aluminum, calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, silicon, and chromium were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (Vista-MPX CCD Simultaneous ICP-OES, Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) at Chengdu University of Science and Technology. Anions, including chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and sulfate, were determined using ion chromatography (Shimadzu HIC-SP, Kyoto, Japan) at Southwest Jiaotong University. The chemical composition and relevant parameters are shown in Table 2.
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3

Multimodal Characterization of Nanomaterials

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High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) (FEI Tecnai G2 F20 S-TIWN), Fourier transform microscopy infrared spectrometer (FTIR, VERTX 70), X-ray diffraction (XRD, PANalytical B.V. Empyrean powder diffractometer equipped with PIXcel3D detector) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS, Kratos AXIS UltraDLD) were used for the structure characterization. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) experiments were performed at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF, 14W and 08U), the National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL, XMCD and Photoemission beamlines) and the Taiwan Light Source (TLS, 01C and 17C). The metal contents were measured by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES, VISTA-MPX (CCD Simultaneous ICPOES), Varian).
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4

Determining Metal Concentrations in Wheat Grains

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Plants were harvested 6 weeks after flowering and spikes were dried at 37 °C for 3 days. Grain samples were de-husked and grounded for metal ion measurements. Additionally, ground grain samples were fractioned using a 250 μm nylon sieve to obtain sieved flour (Borg et al. 2012 (link)), referred to as ‘flour’ hereafter. Two hundred mg of sample was boiled in 15 ml of 65 % v/v HNO3 solution at 120 °C for 90 min. Three ml of 30 % v/v H2O2 was added and boiled at 120 °C for 90 min. Metal concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) (Varian Vista-MPX CCD Simultaneous ICP-OES). The wavelength used for iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and magnesium was 238.204, 213.857, 324.754, 257.610, and 285.213, respectively. The iron concentrations were recorded in T2, T3 and T4 grains, and the seeds from plants with highest iron concentration were used to grow the next generation of plants (Fig. S2). Data were analyzed using the Student’s t test to determine statistically significant differences among the transformed lines and their respective controls.
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5

Soil Nutrient Availability and Flower Production

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To test whether flower production was associated with soil nutrient availability we collected samples of soil at 10 cm depth at distances of 0.5 and 1 m downhill from each female tree in April to May 2014. Means of both measurements were used for determining available P and K concentrations and pH (Edwards et al., 2015). Sites with insufficient soil were omitted. The samples were passed through a 2‐mm sieve, air‐dried, and extracted in a solution of ammonium acetate and EDTA (1:10; FAL, FAC, & RAC, 1996). The extracts were then analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (Vista‐MPX CCD Simultaneous ICP‐OES; Varian). Each ICP‐OES run included sample blanks and an external reference sample. Soil pH was determined in a 1:2.5 soil to distilled water solution using a portable pH meter (Microprocessor pH 95 Meter, WTW, Weilheim, Germany).
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6

Grain Nutrient Content Analysis

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Grain samples were dehusked to obtain unpolished brown grains. The dehusked grains were processed using a grain polisher (Kett grain polisher ‘Pearlest’, Kett Electric Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan) for 1 min. Shoot and root samples from hydroponic culture were dried at 60 °C for 5 days. Two hundred milligrams of each ground grains sample and 50–100 mg of root or shoot samples were boiled in 15 mL of 65% v/v HNO3 solution at 120 °C for 90 min. Three millilitres of 30% v/v H2O2 was subsequently added and continuously boiled at 120 °C for 90 min. Metal concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES) (Varian Vista‐MPX CCD Simultaneous ICP‐OES). The wavelength used for iron, zinc, manganese and copper were 238.204, 213.857, 257.610 and 324.754 nm, respectively. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) rice flour standard 1658a was treated and analysed in the same manner and used as internal control for every measurement. Data were analysed using Student's t‐test. The criteria of P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 were used to determine statistically significant differences among the tested lines and the control.
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7

Synthesis of Coated and Uncoated CONPs

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The synthesis of coated and uncoated CONPs was completed using methods described previously [48 (link)]. All reactants were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Briefly, CONPs with and without polymer coating were synthesized in a single pot co-precipitation reaction with a solution of cerium(III) nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO3)3·6H2O, 16.7 mM, 150 µL) added to a solution of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 1.45 M, 150 µL). Prior to addition to ammonium hydroxide, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA, Mw ~1800, 2.5 mg) was added to the cerium salt solution for polymer coating, while no additions were made for uncoated CONPs. The solutions were stirred for >20 h at room temperature, and unreacted reactants were removed by filtering four times through 30,000 and 3000 MWCO filters (MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA) for uncoated and PAA coating, respectively. The cut-off solution was collected and diluted with deionized water. Concentration was measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) measurement on a Vista-MPX CCD Simultaneous ICP-OES (Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA).
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8

Ion Profiling of Arabidopsis Mutants

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Ion profiling was determined by following a previous publication with slight modification (Wu et al., 2019 (link)). In brief, 18-day-old seedlings from Col-0 and G protein mutants from treatment plates (Yamagami medium with 1% purified agar) were dried at 60 °C for 3 d. A 25 mg aliquot of ground leaf samples was boiled in 10 ml of 65% (v/v) HNO3 solution at 120 °C for 90 min. A 3 ml volume of 30% (v/v) H2O2 was subsequently added and continuously boiled at 120 °C for 90 min. Metal concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) (Varian Vista-MPX CCD Simultaneous ICP-OES) and expressed per gram of shoot dry weight. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test. The criterion of P<0.05 was used to determine statistically significant differences between Col-0 and mutant lines.
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9

Comprehensive Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles

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Dynamic light scattering (DLS) (Malvern Instruments Zetasizer Nano NS model DTS1060; λ = 532 nm) was used to determine the hydrodynamic diameter and the zeta potential. Characterization of optical properties was done with the Cary 60 UV-vis spectrophotometer (Agilent Technologies) in the range of 200 to 900 nm. Morphology and size distribution were determined by HR-TEM using a JEOL JEM-2010 microscope. Also, lyophilized AgNPs were characterized by FTIR-ATR in a range of 400 to 4000 cm−1 with a resolution of 2 cm−1 on a universal diamond ATR Top Plate accessory (PerkinElmer). The sample spectrum was compared with that of standard solid PVP (MW 100 kDa). The silver content of Argovit® was determined by ICP-OES (Varian Vista-MPX CCD Simultaneous ICP-OES).
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10

Quantifying Ca2+ Ion Release via ICP-OES

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The amount of Ca2+ ions released in the solutions was measured via inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (Vista-MPX CCD Simultaneous ICP-OES, Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA), as previously reported [32 (link)] (Supplementary Information S3). A calibration was performed between each group of measurements. Three replicates were collected for each measurement [84 (link)].
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