Recombinant human tnf α rhtnf α

SHH inhibitors including cerulenin, cyclopamine, and itraconazole were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Recombinant human TNF-α (rhTNF-α) was purchased from R & D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). Primary antibodies for western blotting were purchased as follows: ERK, pERK, NF-kB p50, FAS, FADD, XIAP, Survivin, and β-actin from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA); Cox-2 was from Thermo Scientific (Fremont, CA); other antibodies from Cell signaling technology (Danvers, MA). Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rat/rabbit/mouse/goat IgG was purchased Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Primers for RT-PCR were synthesized by Bioneer (Seoul, Korea). Reverse transcriptase was from Promega (Madison, WI). Azoxymethane (AOM) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and dissolved in distilled water. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) was purchased from MP biomedicals (Morgan Irvine, CA). All other materials were obtained in the highest available grade.

Linoleic acid, sodium taurocholate (TC) and other chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Recombinant human IL-6 (r-h-IL-6) and recombinant human TNF-α (r-h-TNF-α) were purchased from R&D Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Dulbecco’s modified essential medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS) and antibiotic: antimycotic mixture were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Carlsbad, CA, USA).