Docosahexaenoic acid dha

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, (22∶6), CID 445580), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, (20∶5), CID 446284), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), L-Trp, L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) and recombinant human IFN-γ (rhIFN-γ) were purchased from WAKO Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). DHA and EPA were dissolved in 100% ethanol and each 20 mM solution was prepared for storing at −30°C. The purification of phytochemicals used, except EGCG from plant extracts, and the preparation of plant extracts used were conducted using the same methods as described in previous reports [17] .

C2C12 cells and C3H10T1/2 cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). C2C12 cells and C3H10T1/2 cells were maintained as previously described [11 (link)] and cultured in the presence of 0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/ml pRJ solution. Fatty acids, where indicated, were used at 500 μM [37 (link)]. pRJ (Lot No. YDP-M-170610), Trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10H2DA), 10-hydroxydecanoic acid (10HDAA), 2-decenedioic acid (2DA), and sebacic acid (SA), were prepared at Yamada Bee Company, Inc. (Okayama, Japan). Decanoic acid (DA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were obtained from Fujifilm wako chemicals (Osaka, Japan).
Skeletal muscle differentiation in C2C12 cells was initiated by replacing growth medium (medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum) with differentiation medium (medium supplemented with 2% horse serum) in sub-confluent cultures [11 (link)].