O cymene

Water used in the experiments was purified by a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore Sigma, Burlington, MA, USA), and solvents used were of HPLC-isocratic grade or higher. The chemicals used as standards in the experiments were purchased from several different vendors. From Acros Organics (Antwerp, Belgium), we purchased 2-hexenal. From Chem Service Inc. (West Chester, PA, USA), we purchased acetophenone, fructose, glucose, and sucrose. From Fluka (Steinheim, Switzerland), we purchased chlorogenic acid and eucalyptol. From Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), we purchased quinic acid. From Polyphenols AS (Sandnes, Norway), we purchased cyanidin-3-O-galactoside. From Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), we purchased benzaldehyde, catechin hydrate, citric acid, o-cymene, p-cymene, 2-ethyl furan, ethyl octanoate, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal, hexanal, hexanoic acid, 1-hexanol, hexyl acetate, linalool, d-limonene, malic acid, methylbutanal, 3-methyl-1-butanol acetate, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 4-Methyl-2-pentanol, n-alkane mixture (C7–C30), neryl acetate, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-pentanol, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, 2-α-pinene, shikimic acid, and γ-terpinene.

Commercial standards of myrtenyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, (+)-α-pinene, (−)-β-pinene, γ-terpinene, (R)-(−)-α-phellandrene, carvacrol, (+)-carvone, camphene, 3-carene, geraniol, o-cymene, and a mixture of α-fenchyl acetate and alkane standard solution C7-C30 were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); α-terpineol, myrcene, linalool, butyl butyrate, and eugenol from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany); R-(+)-limonene and nerol from Fluka^® Analytical (Munich, Germany); and α-terpinene from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany). Reagents for silylation, α-cholestanol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The standard mixture of 37 fatty acid methyl esters (Supelco™ 37 Component FAME Mix) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Aluminum oxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and sodium hydrogen sulfate monohydrate were procured from Merck KgaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Diethyl ether, anhydrous ethanol, ethyl acetate, and methanol were acquired from Carlo Erba Reagents GmbH (Emmendingen, Germany). Isooctane, isopropanol, potassium hydroxide, 96% ethanol, and n-hexane were obtained from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA).

The synthetic standards including hexanal, α-thujene, α-pinene, camphene, o-cymene, sabinene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-terpinene, β-terpinene, terpinolene, decanal, tridecane, pentadecane, cedrol, hexadecane and the solvent dichloromethane were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA) whilst δ-2-carene, α-phellandrene, δ-3-carene, p-cymene, limonene, β- phellandrene, β-ocimene [mixture of (E) and (Z)], dihydrotagetone, δ-elemene, β-elemene, α-cedrene, (E)-caryophyllene, α-humulene, (E, E)-α-farnesene were purchased from Merck (France) and were used to confirm the identified compounds. The chemical purity of the synthetic standards except for sabinene (75%) and α-phellandrene (85%) ranged between 90–99%.