The effects of EOs were evaluated on 13 bacterial strains and 5 yeasts: Staphylococcus aureus (209 PCIP 53156), S. aureus (ATCC 29213), Micrococcus luteus (ATCC381), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), E. coli (ATCC 35214), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (DSM 50090), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Klebsiella pneumoniae (CIP 104727), K. pneumoniae (clinical isolates), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19115), Salmonella enteritidis (DMB 560), Candida albicans (CCMM L4), C. krusei (CCMM L10), C. glabrata (CCMM L7), C. parapsilosis (CCMM L18) and Aspergilus niger (CCMM M100). The bacterial and yeast strains were provided by the Center of Biotechnology, Borj Cedria, Tunisia.
C krusei
Manufactured by American Type Culture Collection
Sourced in United States
C. krusei is a microorganism that can be used in laboratory settings. It serves as a reference strain for various research and testing purposes. The core function of C. krusei is to provide a standardized and well-characterized biological material for scientific investigations.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
C parapsilosis, by American Type Culture Collection (11 mentions)
C albicans, by American Type Culture Collection (11 mentions)
C glabrata, by American Type Culture Collection (11 mentions)
C tropicalis, by American Type Culture Collection (9 mentions)
Candida albicans, by American Type Culture Collection (3 mentions)
P aeruginosa, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
S aureus, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Escherichia coli, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Enterococcus faecalis, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
C guilliermondii, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
C dubliniensis, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
C lusitaniae, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Bacillus cereus, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Listeria monocytogenes, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Micrococcus luteus, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Salmonella enteritidis, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Aspergillus fumigatus, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Candida kefyr, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Vitek 2 yst ic cards, by bioMérieux (1 mentions)
Sabouraud dextrose agar, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
21 protocols using c krusei
1
Antimicrobial Effects of Essential Oils
2
Antifungal Activity of Vitex agnus-castus
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Eleven Candida strains were used to assess the antifungal activity of Vitex agnus-castus. The species were four strains purchased from (ATCC, Manassas, VA, United States) included C. albicans (ATCC® 60,193™), C. krusei (ATCC® 14,243™) (Ck1), C. parapsilosis (ATCC® 22,019™) (Cp1), C. tropicalis (ATCC® 66,029™). Other seven strains were obtained from either King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH), or King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and included C. parapsilosis (Cp2), Candida famata, C. rhodotorula, C. dublinesis, C. auris, C. krusei (Ck2), and C. krusei (Ck3). The fresh inoculum was prepared by subculturing the studied species onto a Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) medium at 28 °C for 48 h, as previously described [23 (link)]. The turbidity of growing Candida suspension was adjusted to match the turbidity standard of 0.5 McFarland units, by spectrophotometry tune of 0.1 OD and was read at 600 nm wavelength.
3
Antifungal Evaluation: Microdilution Broth Method
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Antifungal evaluation was performed using a microdilution broth method [29 (link)] against eight fungal strains from the Czech Collection of Microorganisms (CCM) (Candida albicans CCM 8320 (ATCC 24433), C. krusei CCM 8271 (ATCC 6258), C. parapsilosis CCM 8260 (ATCC 22019), C. tropicalis CCM 8264 (ATCC 750), Aspergillus flavus CCM 8363, Absidia/Lichtheimia corymbifera CCM 8077 and Trichophyton interdigitale CCM 8377 (ATCC 9533) or the American Type Collection Cultures (ATCC, Mannasas, VA, USA) (Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 204305). Compounds were dissolved in DMSO and diluted in a twofold manner with RPMI 1640 medium, with glutamine and 2% glucose, buffered to pH 7.0 (3-morpholinopropane-1-sulfonic acid). The final concentration of DMSO in the tested medium did not exceed 2.5% (v/v) of the total solution composition. Static incubation was performed in the dark and in humid atmosphere, at 35 °C, for 24 and 48 h (72 and 120 h for Trichophyton interdigitale respectively). Drug-free controls were included. MIC was inspected visually or making use of Alamar Blue staining. The standards were amphotericin B and fluconazole. All experiments were conducted in duplicate. For the results to be valid, the difference in MIC for one compound determined from two parallel measurements must not be greater than one step on the dilution scale.
4
Comparative Evaluation of Candida Strains
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The following standard strains were used: C. albicans (ATCC 90028), C. dubliniensis (ATCC MYA-646), C. guilliermondii (ATCC 6260), C. glabrata (ATCC 2001), C. krusei (ATCC 6258), C. metapsilosis (ATCC 96143), C. orthopsilosis (ATCC 96141), C. parapsilosis (ATCC 22019) and C. tropicalis (ATCC 13803), obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). In addition, a clinical isolate of C. auris was used, kindly provided by Hospital das Clinicas, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (HCFMRP/USP), isolated from the blood of a patient. All yeasts used in this study are part of the culture collection of the Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing of the Federal University of Uberlândia (LEA/UFU), preserved in deep freezing at − 80 °C until the start of tests.
5
Profiling Candida and Geotrichum Species
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Eight strains of yeast were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC): C. albicans ATCC 10231, C. glabrata ATCC 15126, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22099, C. tropicalis ATCC 13803, C. krusei ATCC 14243, Candida kefyr ATCC 204093, C. auris ATCC MYA-5001, and G. capitatum ATCC 201230. The clinical isolates of C. albicans (CA1-CA20) were obtained as stock cultures from the Jan Boży Independent Public Provincial Hospital in Lublin, Poland. The strains were identified using VITEK 2 YST IC CARDS (Biomerieux). Stock cultures were stored at −70°C, subcultured on YPDA medium (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, 2% dextrose, and 2% agar), and stored at 4°C. The fungal strain cultures were routinely maintained in YPD medium (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, 2% dextrose) at 30°C.
6
Antifungal potential of O. persica leaf extract
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The antifungal activity of the O. persica leaf extract and the synthesized AgNPs was assayed against the standard Candida strains, including C. krusei (ATCC 6258), C. albicans (ATCC 14053), and C. glabrata (ATCC 90030). All strains were obtained from the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST) and were incubated overnight on a Sabouraud dextrose agar (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) consisting of chloramphenicol (5%).
7
Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Protocol
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The AFST for five common antifungals, including amphotericin B (AmB), fluconazole (FLC), itraconazole (ITC), ketoconazole (KTC), and nystatin (NY), was assayed via
the disk diffusion method according to the protocol provided by the American Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI M44-A2) [ 21 (link)
]. The accuracy of the diameter of the growth inhibition zone around the discs was checked using standard yeast species in addition to the table provided by the manufacturer (Rosco diagnostica, Denmark).
Quality control strains of C. albicans (ATCC90029), C. parapsilosis (ATCC 2201), and C. krusei (ATCC6258) were obtained from ATCC.
the disk diffusion method according to the protocol provided by the American Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI M44-A2) [ 21 (link)
]. The accuracy of the diameter of the growth inhibition zone around the discs was checked using standard yeast species in addition to the table provided by the manufacturer (Rosco diagnostica, Denmark).
Quality control strains of C. albicans (ATCC90029), C. parapsilosis (ATCC 2201), and C. krusei (ATCC6258) were obtained from ATCC.
8
Acquisition of Yeast Strains for Research
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Candida albicans SC5134 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (turbo yeast, Gert strand AB) were obtained from the College of Science, Swansea University. C. krusei (Issatchenkia orientalis) 6258, C. maltosa 28140 and Saccharomyces boulardii MYA-796 were purchased from the ATCC®, Middlesex, UK. All strains were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar for 24 hours at 37 O C prior to testing.
9
In Vitro Antifungal Evaluation
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Compounds 14 and 15 were evaluated for antifungal activity in vitro using commercial antifungals such as fluconazole for yeasts and itraconazole for fungi. Activities are reported in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values using the serial microdilution method on 96-well plates. The following reference strains were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC): Candida albicans ATCC 24433, C. glabrata ATCC 66032, C. guilliermondii ATCC 6260, C. krusei ATCC 14243, C. tropicalis ATCC 750, A. niger ATCC 16404 and A. fumigatus ATCC 204305. The MIC values were determined according to the M27-S4 method of the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute for yeasts [34 ] and the M38 method for fungi [35 ]. The RPMI-1740 (Sigma) culture medium buffered with 0.165 M of HEPES (Sigma) was used. The MIC values were defined as the minimum concentration that inhibits growth of ≥ 50% Candida spp. and % Aspergillus spp. in comparison to the controls. The compounds were dissolved in ethanol and serially diluted in the growth medium. The yeasts were incubated to 35–37 °C and the MIC values were measured at 24 and 48 h; the fungi were incubated to 35–37 °C and measured at 48 and 72 h.
10
Fungal Strain Cultivation and Quantification
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C. albicans strain SC5314 was used in this study (He et al. 2015 (link)). The standard Candida species involved, including C. tropicalis ATCC1369, C. glabrata ATCC15126, C. parapsilosis ATCC22019 and C. krusei ATCC6258, as well as a standard Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain ATCC9763 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. The fungi were cultured to exponential phase at 35 °C, 5% CO2 in yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD) medium (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, 2%D-glucose) and harvested by centrifugation at 400 × g for 5 min. After two washes with PBS, the fungal density was determined using a cell counting plate. A Candida count of 5 × 107 CFUs was used to choose the suitable digestive enzymes; a Candida count of 5 × 105 CFUs was utilized to validate the ideal lysis conditions, which may be closer to the fungal load in real applications.
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