Sodium taurocholate hydrate

Cystoisospora suis oocysts (strain Wien 1) were obtain from experimental infected suckling piglets. Piglets were raised with the sow in the animal facilities of the Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria. Infection of piglets, oocyst collection, oocyst isolation, oocyst purification and excystation were performed as described previously [7 (link)]. In deviation to the original protocol, after NaOCl treatment and washing, the oocysts were vortexed three times for 45 s with Precellys® glass beads (Peqlab, Erlangen, Germany) in 2% sodium taurocholate hydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) in DMEM/Ham’s F-12 culture medium (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA).

Butanol, chloroform, isopropanol, methanol, n-hexane and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Milan, Italy). Alpha-linolenic acid (LNA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Resveratrol, stearic acid, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween-20), taurodeoxycolic acid, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide DCC), sodium taurocholate hydrate, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), deuterated chloroform (CDCl₃) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA).

Metformin HCl was purchased from Fagron Iberica (Barcelona, Spain). Sodium taurocholate hydrate, acrylic acid, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED), ammonium persulfate (PSA), magnesium hydroxide and pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa were provided from Sigma-Aldrich Spain (Madrid, Spain). Lecithin soy refined was supplied by MP Biomedicals (Illkirch, France). Sodium phosphate monobasic from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium) and Blanose CMC 7LF were purchased from Ashland Chemical Hispania (Castellón, Spain). All other solvents and reagents (analytical grade) were purchased from Panreac Química (Barcelona, Spain) and utilized as supplied.

Poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) (MW 6000 g/mol), 2-hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone (Irgacure D-2959), acrylic acid (AA), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), collagen type I, 4 kDa fluorescein-isothiocyanate dextran (FD4) and sodium taurocholate hydrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was from ThermoFisher (Waltham, MA, USA). Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Sylgard 184 was purchased from Dow Corning (Midland, MI, USA). Soybean L-α-phosphatidylcholine (95%) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA).

The cell culture reagents were obtained from Hyclone (Logan, USA) and the fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Gibco (New York, USA). The taurine, cholesterol, cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase, horseradish peroxidase and sodium taurocholate hydrate were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). The PowerOpti-ECL Western blotting detection reagent was purchased from GenView (Florida, USA). The primary (anti-CYP7A1, sc-25536; anti-c-jun, sc-1694; anti-p-c-jun, sc-7980-R; and anti–HNF4α, sc-8987) and secondary (anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G, sc-2004) antibodies were acquired from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The primary anti-MEK1/2 antibody (D1A5) was obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). The primary anti-β-actin antibody was obtained from GenView (Florida, USA). The BCA Protein Assay Kit, Cell Lysis Buffer and PMSF were purchased from Beyotime (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). All the other chemicals were purchased from Dingguo Changsheng Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Beijing, China).

Sodium taurocholate hydrate (TCA, 86339), glycocholic acid hydrate (GCA, G2878), and sodium glycodeoxycholate (GDCA, G9910) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). JTE-013 (10009458) was obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Necroptosis inducer kit TSZ (C1058S, TNFα plus Smac mimetic and a pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-FMK) was obtained from Beyotime (Shanghai, China). Necrosulfonamide (NSA, HY-100573) was obtained from MCE (NJ, USA).

Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL, type II), 4-nitrophenyl butyrate (p-NPB), porcine pancreatic cholesterol esterase, oleic acid, phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, sodium taurocholate hydrate, sodium chenodeoxycholate, sodium glycodeoxycholate, orlistat, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), cholestyramine resin, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol, kaempferol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, trans-cinnamic acid, phlorizidin, epicatechin, catechin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, and HMG-CoA reductase assay kits (CS 1090) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA. Total cholesterol test kits (BXC0261) were purchased from Fortress Diagnostics, UK, and total bile acid kits (BQ 042A-EALD) were purchased from Bio-Quant Co. (San Diego, CA, USA). All the other chemical reagents used in this study were of analytical grade.