Methylene chloride

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, Canada, Belgium, United Kingdom

Methylene chloride is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a colorless liquid with a characteristic sweet odor. Methylene chloride is known for its high solvency power, making it useful for various applications such as extraction, cleaning, and degreasing processes.

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Close spelling variants of this product

HPLC grade methylene chloride (6 citations) Methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) (2 citations)

68 protocols using methylene chloride

Bark Residue Extraction and TLC Analysis

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A total of 10 solvents were used for the extraction of bark residues. The majority were purchased from Fisher Scientific (methanol HPLC Grade, ethanol denatured, acetone certified ACS, hexane HPLC Grade), while the others (chloroform 99.9%, methylene chloride >99%, ethyl acetate 99.6%) were obtained from Acros Organics. For the acid–base extraction, hydrochloric acid (Fisher certified ACS) was used to acidify methanol at pH 4, as well as 7 N ammonia (Acros organics) to alkalize the aqueous fraction during liquid–liquid extraction. For the revelation of thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) plates, reagents were purchased from Fisher Chemical. All extracts were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), certified ACS from Fisher Chemical.

Blondeau D., St‐Pierre A., Bourdeau N., Bley J., Lajeunesse A, & Desgagné‐Penix I. (2019). Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of white birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall) bark extracts. MicrobiologyOpen, 9(1), e00944.

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Polymeric Microparticle Synthesis Protocol

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Chemicals required for synthesis of polymeric micro-particles were of analysis or higher grade: Sebacic acid (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA), methylene chloride (Acros Organics, New Jersey–US), poly(vinyl) alcohol (MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA) petroleum ether (Fisher Scientific, New Jersey–US), acetic anhydride, ethyl ether, and amitriptyline hydrochloride from (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Aqueous solutions were made from Millipore™ water (with resistivity of ∼18.1 MΩ cm).

Ponnurangam S., O'Connell G.D., Hung C.T, & Somasundaran P. (2015). Biocompatibility of polysebacic anhydride microparticles with chondrocytes in engineered cartilage. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 136, 207-213.

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PLA Nanocomposite Fabrication

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Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) (Ingeo biopolymer 3251D) were supplied by NatureWorks. Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O) and aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O) were purchased from ABCR Germany. Urea (CO(NH₂)₂), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and nitric acid (65%) (HNO₃) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Methylene chloride (99.8%) obtained from ACROS Organics.

Quispe-Dominguez R., Naseem S., Leuteritz A, & Kuehnert I. (2019). Synthesis and characterization of MgAl-DBS LDH/PLA composite by sonication-assisted masterbatch (SAM) melt mixing method. RSC Advances, 9(2), 658-667.

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Betulin Disuccinate-based Nanoformulations

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Betulin disuccinate (obtained in the laboratory according to the procedure described in the article [26 (link)]), acetic anhydride (POCh S.A., Gliwice, Poland), sebacic acid (ACROS Organics, Geel, Belgium), rifampicin (Biosynth Carbosynth, Berkshire, UK), poly(vinyl alcohol) (M_w = 88,000 g/mol, 88% hydrolyzed) (ACROS Organics, Geel, Belgium), and methylene chloride (Chempur, Piekary Śl., Poland) were used as supplied.

Niewolik D., Bednarczyk-Cwynar B., Ruszkowski P., Kazek-Kęsik A., Dzido G, & Jaszcz K. (2022). Biodegradable and Bioactive Carriers Based on Poly(betulin disuccinate-co-sebacic Acid) for Rifampicin Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 14(3), 579.

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Solvent and Reagent Procurement for Analysis

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All solvents, including n-hexane, chloroform, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol, methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium) or from Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK) and were analytical grade. All reagents, such as formic acid (≥ 98%) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were purchased from Acros Organics or Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Solvents used for HPLC, i.e. methanol and acetonitrile, were HPLC grade and were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Water was dispensed by a Milli-Q system from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA) and was passed through a 0.22 μM membrane filter before usage. methanol-d4 (99.8% D) and chloroform-d (99.8% D) were used as solvents for NMR spectroscopy and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

García Díaz J., Tuenter E., Escalona Arranz J.C., Llauradó Maury G., Cos P, & Pieters L. (2019). Antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts and isolated constituents of Croton linearis. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 236.

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Endocytosis Inhibition in Cancer Cells

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All cell lines (LNCaP, DU145, PC3, WPE1-NA22) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA, USA). MD was purchased from Grain Processing Corporation (Muscatine, IA, USA). PCL (MW =80,000 g/mol) and methylene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), and nystatin were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Amiloride was purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK), chlorpromazine (CPZ) was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA), and coumarin was purchased from Acros Organics (Thermo Fisher Scientific). RPMI-1640 medium, F-12 medium, penicillin–streptomycin, fetal bovine serum, and LysoTracker Red™ were purchased from Gibco^® Invitrogen Corporation (Grand Island, NY, USA).

Korang-Yeboah M., Gorantla Y., Paulos S.A., Sharma P., Chaudhary J, & Palaniappan R. (2015). Polycaprolactone/maltodextrin nanocarrier for intracellular drug delivery: formulation, uptake mechanism, internalization kinetics, and subcellular localization. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 10, 4763-4781.

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Synthesis and Characterization of CPTEG:SA Copolymer

Cited 1 time

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A 10:90 CPTEG:SA copolymer was synthesized as described previously [41 (link)]. Briefly, the diacids were acetylated at 140 °C for 30 min, and then reacted at 180 °C at 0.2 torr for 30–60 min, dissolved into methylene chloride (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), precipitated into hexanes (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and dried. The molecular weight of the copolymer was ~15,000 g/mol, as confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR; MR-400 MHz, Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA) spectroscopy.

Schlichtmann B.W., Palanisamy B.N., Malovic E., Nethi S.K., Padhi P., Hepker M., Wurtz J., John M., Ban B., Anantharam V., Kanthasamy A.G., Narasimhan B, & Mallapragada S.K. (2023). Aggregation-Inhibiting scFv-Based Therapies Protect Mice against AAV1/2-Induced A53T-α-Synuclein Overexpression. Biomolecules, 13(8), 1203.

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Development of Enteric-Coated Serratiopeptidase Tablets

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Serratiopeptidase (SRP) powder was purchased from Biocon Limited, Bangalore, India. Isopropyl alcohol and methylene chloride were procured from Thermo Fisher GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany. Microcrystalline cellulose powder (MCCP) pH 101 and 102, colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid were purchased from Thermax Pvt. Ltd., India. Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) phthalate 40 was obtained from Shandong Head Co., Ltd., China. The other coating materials were obtained as a gift sample from Colorcon Asia Pvt. Ltd, Industrial Estate, Goa, India. Marketed enteric-coated tablet formulation of SRP was procured from local medical store and used as a reference sample. All the reagents and solvents used in the analysis were of analytical grade.

Panthi V.K., Jha S.K., Chaubey R, & Pangeni R. (2021). Formulation and development of Serratiopeptidase enteric coated tablets and analytical method validation by UV Spectroscopy. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2021, 9749474.

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Detailed Isotopic Analysis Protocol

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The internal standard, sodium sulphite-³⁴S (Na₂³⁴SO₃, 95%), in addition to formaldehyde (37%), toluene, ammonium acetate (Sigma Ultra, minimum 98%) and sodium sulphite (Na₂SO₃, ≥ 98%) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). LC-MS-grade acetonitrile, water and m ethanol, in addition to glacial acetic acid, ethanol, methylene chloride, hydrogen peroxide (30%), sodium hydroxide (certified 0.1 and 0.01 N), potassium hydroxide pellets (85%), potassium dihydrogen phosphate, barium chloride, concentrated phosphoric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid, were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Methyl red from Mallinckrodt Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA) was used in the MW titration. Samples were diluted and extracted using 18 MΩ water obtained from an Aqua Solutions water purification system (Jasper, GA, USA). Fresh vegetables and all ingredients used for making garlic products were purchased from grocery stores located in Greenbelt, MD, USA. All food samples were stored according to the manufacturers’ suggested storage conditions.

Robbins Carlos K.S, & de Jager L.S. (2016). Comparison of multiple methods for the determination of sulphite in Allium and Brassica vegetables. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment, 33(10), 1509-1517.

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Biodegradable Nanoparticle Synthesis

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Poly(vinyl alcohol), sodium deoxycholate, palmitic acid, N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, and gelatin were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Methylene chloride and avidin were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) and Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA), respectively. Research-grade PLGA (50:50, approximately 50,000 g/mol), was purchased from Durect (Pelham, AL, USA).

Saluja S.S., Hanlon D.J., Sharp F.A., Hong E., Khalil D., Robinson E., Tigelaar R., Fahmy T.M, & Edelson R.L. (2014). Targeting human dendritic cells via DEC-205 using PLGA nanoparticles leads to enhanced cross-presentation of a melanoma-associated antigen. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 9, 5231-5246.

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