Sigma vp

Chemicals applied in this work for the synthesis of catalyst and products were supplied by Merck and Sigma-Aldrich chemical companies and used without further purification. Progress of the reactions was monitored by TLC using silica gel SIL G/UV 254 plates. Melting points were recorded on a Büchi B-545 apparatus in open capillary tubes. Fourier transform-infrared spectra (FT-IR) of the samples were recorded on a frontier FT-IR PerkinElmer with MID IR detector. The ¹H NMR spectra (301 MHz) and ¹³C NMR (76 MHz) were recorded with a Bruker spectrometer or Varian Mercury 300 MHz Spectrometer (Varian Inv., Palo Alto, CA, USA) using CDCl₃ or DMSO_d6 as solvent. Thermal gravimetry analysis TG-DTG, were carried out on a STA 1500 from Rheometric Scientific at Day Petronic company. EDX and Elemental mapping analysis were performed using a SIGMA VP from Zeiss at Day Petronic company.

The visible and NSWIR photographs of the samples were taken using Nikon D3300 camera and NIRvana ST 640 camera, respectively. Microscopy was performed using the Zeiss Axio Imager.A2m optical microscope and Zeiss Sigma VP scanning electron microscope. The reflectance spectra were taken separately in two wavelength ranges: visible to near-infrared (0.4 to 1.0 μm) and near-infrared to LWIR (1.0 to 15 μm) for incident angles of 30°. In the first range, the reflectance was measured using an integrating sphere (model IS200, Thorlabs) containing a silicon detector and coupled to a high-power supercontinuum laser (SuperK EXTREME, NKT Photonics) and a tunable filter (Fianium LLTF contrast). The sample was put inside the integrating sphere. A calibrated diffuse reflector (item SM05CP2C, Thorlabs) was used as the reference. In the second range, reflectance was measured using a gold integrating sphere (model 4P-GPS-020-SL, Labsphere) coupled with a mercury cadmium telluride detector and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (VERTEX 70v, Bruker). A gold-coated aluminum foil was used as the reference. The spectra in the two ranges were then patched to obtain the final reflectance. The transmission spectra were obtained in the same way, except that the sample was placed at the mouth of the integrating sphere.

Ultraviolet absorption of the synthesized nanoparticles was investigated using a UV-Vis Drop 250-211Fo75 spectrophotometer (Germany). The crystalline structure of the powdered samples was examined using XRD with the X'Pert PRO (PANalytical, Netherlands). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed using a Sigma VP (Carl Zeiss) to determine the morphological properties of the NPs. To determine the exact size and shape of the synthesized nanoparticles, a transmission electron microscope (TEM, FEI Tecnai) was used. The magnetic properties of the SPIONPs were investigated using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM, Lake Shore-7400, Lake Shore Cryonics, USA).