Polyvinyl alcohol particles

Manufactured by Cook Medical

Sourced in United States

Polyvinyl alcohol particles are a type of laboratory equipment used in various scientific applications. They are small, spherical particles made of polyvinyl alcohol, a synthetic polymer. Polyvinyl alcohol particles serve as a versatile material for various research and experimental purposes, but a detailed description of their core function and intended use is not available while maintaining an unbiased and factual approach.

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Lab products found in correlation

Lipiodol ultrafluido, by Guerbet (3 mentions) Gelatin sponge particles, by Cook Medical (2 mentions) Progreat, by Terumo (2 mentions) Lipiodol ultra fluide, by Guerbet (1 mentions) 5 f catheter, by Cook Medical (1 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

Polyvinyl Alcohol Foam Embolization Particles (3 citations)

6 protocols using polyvinyl alcohol particles

Transarterial Chemo-Embolization for Liver Tumors

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TACE was performed with a five-French catheter or microcatheter as selectively as possible through the lobar or segmental arteries, depending on the tumor distribution. Initially, a solution of lobaplatin at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL was infused into the tumor feeder vessels. The total level of lobaplatin ranged from 20 to 50 mg depending on the patient’s body weight. Then, an emulsion of 2-10 mL of lipiodol (Lipiodol Ultrafluido, Guerbet, France) and 20-60 mg of doxorubicin hydrochloride was administered into the feeder vessels. Finally, gelatin sponge particles or polyvinyl alcohol particles (Cook, Bloomington, IN, United States) that were mixed with contrast material were administered into the feeder vessels until stasis of arterial flow was achieved. After embolization, angiography was performed to determine the extent of vascular occlusion.

Meng X.C., Chen B.H., Huang J.J., Huang W.S., Cai M.Y., Zhou J.W., Guo Y.J, & Zhu K.S. (2018). Early prediction of survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with transarterial chemoembolization plus sorafenib. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 24(4), 484-493.

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TACE Procedure for Liver Tumors

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The operators (XK, GZ, BX, BL, FP, and CZ) of the TACE procedures had at least 8 years of experience in performing TACE procedures. Initially, the tip of a 3-French microcatheter (Progreat, Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) or a 5-French catheter (Cook, Bloomington, IN, USA) was introduced into the tumor-feeding arteries. Then, 10–20 ml of lipiodol (Lipiodol Ultrafluido, Guerbet, France) was mixed with 20–40 mg of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Hisun Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, China) to create an emulsion. Based on the tumor size and the liver function, 5–20 ml of the emulsion was injected into the tumor-feeding arteries through a 5-French catheter or a 3-French microcatheter. Lastly, gelatin sponge particles (300–700 um, Cook, USA) were used to supplement embolization until the stagnation of artery flow appeared. For patients with arterioportal shunt, polyvinyl alcohol particles (300–1,000 um, Cook, USA) were used for blocking the shunt before infusion of the emulsion of lipiodol and doxorubicin.

Kan X., Liang B., Zhou G., Xiong B., Pan F., Ren Y., Cao Y., Wang J., Yang F, & Zheng C. (2020). Transarterial Chemoembolization Combined With Apatinib for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Frontiers in Oncology, 10, 970.

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Embolization for Hepatic Tumor Treatment

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TAE procedure was performed using the previously described technique (7 (link)). Patients were hydrated prior to the procedure and received an antiemetic (palonosetron hydrochloride 0.25 mg IV) and antibiotic (cephazolin 1 g IV). Embolization was performed using conscious sedation or general anesthesia. In general, a combination of 40–120 µm, 100–300 µm Embosphere (Merit Medical, South Jordan, Utah) and 100 µm poly vinyl alcohol particles (Cook, Bloomington, Indiana) was used to embolized all the arterial supply to the tumor. Only one lobe was embolized at each treatment session and in patients with bilobar disease, the second lobe was treated in 4–6 weeks after the first treatment. Embolization was initiated using the smallest particle (40–120 µm) while the supplying artery was selectively or sub-selectively catheterized. As previously described, embolization was performed till complete stasis was achieved in the supplying vessel. If after using 10 ml of 40–120 µm stasis was not achieved, then the larger size particle (100–300 µm) was used and this was followed by poly vinyl alcohol particles to achieve complete stasis. Similar technique was used by all the operators.

Yarmohammadi H., Gonzalez-Aguirre A.J., Maybody M., Ziv E., Boas F.E., Erinjeri J.P., Sofocleous C.T., Solomon S.B, & Getrajdman G. (2018). Evaluation of the effect of Operator Experience on Outcome of Hepatic Artery Embolization of Hepatocellular carcinoma in a Tertiary Cancer Center. Academic radiology, 25(7), 856-860.

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Rabbit Model for TAE and RFA

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Rabbits in the control group were subjected to no procedure until sample collection. TAE procedures were performed under digital subtraction angiography guidance. After celiac arteriography with a 4F Cobra C2 catheter (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan), a 2.7F (Terumo) coaxial catheter system was advanced into the left hepatic artery. After a manual bolus injection of contrast medium to confirm location of the tumor, 0.1–0.4 mL of 150–250 μm polyvinyl alcohol particles (Cook, Bloomington, IN, USA) mixed with contrast media was carefully injected (manually) through the catheter to embolize the tumor feeding artery, as previously described.5 (link) The embolization endpoint was complete stasis of antegrade blood flow. The RFA procedure was performed with the RITA 1500 system (RITA Medical Systems, Mountain View, CA, USA) and 14-gauge starburst multiarray electrodes, as previously described.6 (link) For the TAE + RFA group, RFA was performed 15 minutes after TAE.

Duan X.H., Li T.F., Zhou G.F., Han X.W., Zheng C.S., Chen P.F, & Feng G.S. (2016). Transcatheter arterial embolization combined with radiofrequency ablation activates CD8+ T-cell infiltration surrounding residual tumors in the rabbit VX2 liver tumors. OncoTargets and therapy, 9, 2835-2844.

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Comprehensive Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization

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All cTACE procedures were performed by two interventional radiologists (G.H. and W.B.) with 20 and 8 years of experience, respectively, in hepatic interventions. When bilobar disease was present, the first cTACE was performed in the liver lobe bearing the largest lesions. No whole liver cTACE was performed. An emulsion containing up to 50 mg doxorubicin (Adriamycin, Zhejiang HISUN Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Taizhou, China) and 2–20 ml Lipiodol (Lipiodol Ultra-Fluide, Laboratoire Guerbet, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France) was infused, followed by bland embolization with 100–300 µm polyvinyl alcohol particles (Cook Medical Inc., Bloomington, USA) until arterial inflow was substantially reduced as seen on fluoroscopy [1 (link), 8 (link), 19 (link)]. In all cases, either a selective or a super-selective approach was chosen.

Zhao Y., Duran R., Bai W., Sahu S., Wang W., Kabus S., Lin M., Han G, & Geschwind J.F. (2017). Which Criteria Applied in Multi-Phasic CT Can Predict Early Tumor Response in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated Using Conventional TACE: RECIST, mRECIST, EASL or qEASL?. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology, 41(3), 433-442.

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TACE Procedure for Hepatic APS Embolization

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The TACE procedure was performed by operators with a minimum of 5 years of experience. First, angiography of the hepatic common artery was used to identify the location, severity and direction of the vessels of APS. Then, a 5-F catheter (Cook, Bloomington, Indian, USA) or a 3-F microcatheter (Progreat, Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) was advanced into the feeding artery of APS. Polyvinyl alcohol particles (500–1,000 um, Cook, USA) that were mixed with contrast media (Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jiangsu, China) were then injected to block the APS. An arteriography was then performed to confirm the occlusion of APS. Depending on tumor size and liver function, 2–20 mL of lipiodol (Lipiodol Ultrafluido, Guerbet, France) was mixed with 20–40 mg doxorubicin hydrochloride (Hisun Pharmaceutical Co. LTD, Zhejiang, China) to create an emulsion that was subsequently injected into the tumor feeding arteries. Gelatin sponge particles (300–700 um, Cook, USA) were used to supplement embolization until the stagnation of artery flow appeared.

Sun T., Ren Y., Kan X., Chen L., Zhang W., Yang F, & Zheng C. (2020). Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Hepatic Arterioportal Shunts: Combination Treatment of Transarterial Chemoembolization With Apatinib. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 7, 607520.

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