Acarbose

Manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry

Sourced in Japan, United States

Acarbose is a laboratory reagent produced by Tokyo Chemical Industry. It functions as an inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase enzymes, which play a role in carbohydrate digestion.

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Acarbose hydrate (3 citations)

6 protocols using acarbose

Extraction and Characterization of Eleocharis dulcis

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The fresh Eleocharis dulcis were purchased from the central agricultural product market of Hezhou (Hezhou, Guangxi Province, China) and cleaned with water, and then the peels without decay and deterioration were collected and dried with a DHG series heating and drying oven (DHG-9140A, Keelrein, China) at 60 °C for 36 h. After this, the dried peels were ground by a universal high-speed grinder (DFY-600, Linda Machinery Co., Ltd, China) and stored for further extraction.
α-Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) from yeast was purchased from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd (Tokyo, Japan), and dissolved in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. Methanol, acetonitrile and distilled water as HPLC grade chemicals were purchased from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Acarbose and p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (pNPG) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd (Tokyo, Japan). A Glucose C-II Test Wako Kit was obtained from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd (Osaka, Japan). Pyridine-d₅ for NMR spectroscopy and maltose were purchased from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). All other reagents were of analytical purity.

Gu Y., Yang X., Shang C., Thao T.T, & Koyama T. (2021). Inhibitory properties of saponin from Eleocharis dulcis peel against α-glucosidase. RSC Advances, 11(25), 15400-15409.

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Evaluation of Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities

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Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent, gallic acid, quercetin, mushroom tyrosinase, 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (DOPA), p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, yeast α-glucosidase, elastase, aluminum chloride, sodium carbonate, hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, m ethanol, ethanol, p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet, glucose, Tris base, potassium phosphate monobasic, potassium phosphate dibasic, kojic acid, ursolic acid, N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide, methoxyamine hydrochloride, and pyridine were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Brain heart infusion (BHI), nutrient agar (NA), and nutrient broth (NB) were purchased from Difco (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), and mannitol-egg yolk-polymyxin agar was purchased from Oxoid Ltd. (Hampshire, UK). An analytical profile index (API kit) was acquired from (MYP) bioMerieux (Marcy l’Etoile, France), and 96-well microplates were obtained from SPL Life Sciences (Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). Acarbose was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industries (Toshima, Tokyo, Japan).

Shukla S., Park J., Park J.H., Lee J.S, & Kim M. (2017). Development of novel Meju starter culture using plant extracts with reduced Bacillus cereus counts and enhanced functional properties. Scientific Reports, 7, 11409.

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Comprehensive Analytical Techniques for Natural Products

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Distilled and purified water (hereafter referred to as water), ethyl alcohol, gallic acid (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK), sodium carbonate (Honeywell, Charlotte, NC, USA), phosphomolybdic tungstic reagent R, hide powder CRS, pyrogallol, thymol, α-naphthol, sulfuric acid (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK), iodine solution, lead acetate, resorcinol, hydrochloric acid (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), methanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (Alfa Aesar, Kandel, Germany), Trolox (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium), sodium phosphate dibasic (Honeywell, Charlotte, NC, USA), potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), sodium chloride (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK), α-amylase from porcine pancreas (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), potato starch, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), acarbose (Tokyo Chemical Industry CO., LTD, Tokyo, Japan), HPLC-grade methanol (Honeywell, CHROMASOLV, Seelze, Germany), reagent grade formic acid (Assay Ph.Eur ≥ 98%; Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), ultrapure water Type 1 (prepared using Stackpure purification system; OmniaTap 6, Niederahr, Germany). All solvents used were analytical or HPLC grade.

Zolotova D., Teterovska R., Bandere D., Lauberte L, & Niedra S. (2024). Antidiabetic Properties of the Root Extracts of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and Burdock (Arctium lappa). Plants, 13(7), 1021.

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Mungbean Phytochemicals and Enzyme Inhibition

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Mungbean, Chainat 84–1 variety, was gifted from Chainat Field Crop Research Center, Chainat, Thailand. They were harvested in September 2015. Vitexin, isoVitexin, α -amylase, α-glucosidase, PTP-1B, para-nirophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (pNPG), and p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 2-Deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]-D-glucose (2-NBDG) was purchased from Invitrogen (Waltham, CA, USA). Insulin was purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Acarbose and dinitrosalicylic acid were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was purchased from Hyclone (Logan, UT, USA). Fetal bovine serum and penicillin/streptomycin were purchased from Gibco (Paisley, UK). Total RNA Mini Kit was purchased from Geneaid (New Taipei city, Taiwan). RevertAid First Strand cDNA synthesis kit was purchased from Thermofisher (Vilnus, Lithuania). GeneJET RNA Purification Kit and DNase I, RNase-free were purchased from Thermo Scientific (Vilnus, Lithuania). SYBR Green Supermix was purchased from Bio-rad (California, CA, USA). All other chemicals were of analytical grade and obtained from reputable suppliers.

Saeting O., Chandarajoti K., Phongphisutthinan A., Hongsprabhas P, & Sae-tan S. (2021). Water Extract of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Inhibits Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-1B in Insulin-Resistant HepG2 Cells. Molecules, 26(5), 1452.

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Identification of Flavonoids and Compounds

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Bovine serum albumin (EC Number 232-936-2, A8806), α-glucosidase (EC Number 3.2.1.20 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, G5003), and p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG, N1377) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), while acarbose was purchased from TCI Chemicals (Hydrabad, India). A specific spray reagent, citroborate (5 g citric acid, 5 g boric acid, and 100 mL ethanol), and 10% (v/v) H₂SO₄ in a MeOH solution were used to identify flavonoids and other compounds. Additionally, during extraction and separation, the entire solvents were distilled before use, making them of technical grade.

Vonia S., Hartati R, & Insanu M. (2022). In Vitro Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity and the Isolation of Luteolin from the Flower of Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch. Bip ex Walp.. Molecules, 27(7), 2132.

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LC-MS Standard Compound Procurement

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Standard compounds for LC-MS including rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin were purchased from TCI Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan). p-Nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (p-NPG, ≥98%) and acarbose were from TCI Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan). α-Glucosidase enzyme (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lyophilized powder, 10 U/mg) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was purchased from RCI Labscan (Bangkok, Thailand).

Astiti M.A., Jittmittraphap A., Leaungwutiwong P., Chutiwitoonchai N., Pripdeevech P., Mahidol C., Ruchirawat S, & Kittakoop P. (2021). LC-QTOF-MS/MS Based Molecular Networking Approach for the Isolation of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors and Virucidal Agents from Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt. Foods, 10(12), 3041.

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