Oligomycin a

The bacterial strains used in this study are highlighted in Table 1. Chemicals used in this study include tomatidine hydrochloride (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), oligomycin A (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), piceatannol (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA) and resveratrol (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA).
All bacterial strains and the two Candida albicans isolates were routinely cultured at 37 °C in tryptic soy broth (TSB) or on tryptic soy agar (TSA), whereas Aspergillus niger was cultured in nutrient broth (NB).

Coibamide A was re-isolated from material collected by hand using SCUBA from Coiba National Park, Panama, and apratoxin A was isolated from a laboratory culture of a Red Sea strain of Moorea producens [33 (link),60 (link)]. Rapamycin, thapsigargin, and tunicamycin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Oligomycin A was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and Z-VAD-fmk from ApexBio (Houston, TX, USA). All compounds were reconstituted in 100% cell culture grade DMSO and stored at −20 °C until the day of treatment. The final concentration of DMSO was 0.1% for all studies. General laboratory reagents were from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. or VWR International (Radnor, PA, USA). Primary and secondary antibodies were commercial sources and used according to recommended protocols. Codes for primary antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA) were as follows: LC3A/B (#4108), ATG5 (D5F5U; #12994) as conjugated ATG5-ATG12, CHOP (#5554), BiP/GRP78 (#3177), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (#3676), GAPDH (#5174), alpha-tubulin (#2125), beta-actin (#4970S), caspase-3 (#9662S), and PARP-1 (#9532). Anti-SQSTM1/p62 (#ab91526) was from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA) and a second anti-ATG5 (N-term; #AP1812a) antibody was from Abgent, San Diego, CA, USA.

The recollection and isolation of natural product mandelalides from Algoa Bay, South Africa and total syntheses of mandelalides A and L have been described previously [4 (link),9 (link),60 (link)]. NMR data for mandelalides tested here are included in [4 (link)] (natural products) and 61 (synthetic products), and were acquired at the start of this study; integrity of all mandelalide compounds was also routinely confirmed by LC-MS. Oligomycin A was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotech (Dallas, TX, USA). Dorsomorphin was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Paclitaxel and salinosporamide A (marizomib) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Erlotinib was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA). All chemicals were reconstituted in 100% DMSO, aliquoted and stored in amber borosilicate glass vials at −20 °C for use in biological studies. Cell culture-grade DMSO was used as the vehicle for all treatments, and final concentrations of DMSO for in vitro experiments never exceeded 0.1%. Primary and secondary antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA). Specific codes were as follows: AMPK (#5831), pAMPKα T172 (#50081), ACC (#3676), pACC S79 (#11818) and GAPDH (#5174). General laboratory reagents were from VWR International (Radnor, PA, USA).