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9 protocols using sucrose

1

Comparison of Dietary Carbohydrate Sources

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Cellulose, α- and β-cornstarch, and sucrose were purchased from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). t-Butylhydroquinone, casein, l-cystine, and soybean oil were from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). The lard, mineral mixture (AIN-93M-Mix), and vitamin mixture (AIN-93-VX) were purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Irvine, CA, USA). All other reagents were of the highest grade available.
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2

Analysis of Blacklip Abalone Compounds

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Viscera were obtained from Australian Blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra) cultured in Australia, frozen, and shipped. d(+)-Glucose, Na2HPO4, KH2PO4, NaOH, soybean oil, tert-butylhydroquinone, NaCl, isoflurane, glucose CII-Test Wako, TG E-Test Wako, cholesterol E-Test Wako, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol E-Test Wako, and transaminase CII-Test Wako were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Co. (Osaka, Japan). D2O was purchased from Kanto Chemical Co. (Tokyo, Japan), and the ACE-kit WST was purchased from Dojin Molecular Technology, Inc. (Kumamoto, Japan). Plate count agar with bromocresol purple was purchased from Nissui Pharmaceutical Co. (Tokyo, Japan), and acetonitrile was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). β-Corn starch, casein, α-corn starch, sucrose, cellulose, AIN76 mineral mixture, AIN76A vitamin mixture, and l-cysteine were purchased from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan).
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3

Extraction and Characterization of LCBP

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Choline chloride, lard oil, and methionine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Tokyo, Japan). Casein, cellulose, corn starch, mineral mix, sucrose, and vitamin mix were purchased from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd., (Tokyo, Japan). LCBP were extracted as described previously [3 (link)]. Briefly, the Lonicera caerulea L. berries, from the Jilin province of China, were homogenized in 75% aqueous ethanol (250 g/L) for 60 min, and then filtered under reduced pressure. The filtrates were purified on a column packed with nonionic polystyrene-divinylbenzene resin (D101, Shanghai Mosu Science Equipment Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China), and then freeze-dried into powder. The retention profiles of HPLC analysis showed that C3G (59.5%) and -(-)epicatechin (EC) (25.5%) were the major phenolic components at 280 nm, and other minor anthocyanins, including cyanidin 3-rutinoside (1.8%), cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside (1.3%), peonidin 3-glucoside (7.2%), peonidin 3-rutinoside (1.9%), and pelargonidin 3-glucoside (2.3%) were also detected at 520 nm. The quantitative analysis by HPLC (Figure S1), using standards, indicated that each milligram of LCBP contains 0.37 mg C3G and 0.23 mg EC.
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4

Dietary Supplement Composition Analysis

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EPA (95.0% purity) was purchased from Combi-blocks, Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA). α-LA (>98.0% purity), casein, soybean oil, l-cystine, and t-butylhydroquinone were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Cellulose, α-cornstarch, β-cornstarch, and sucrose were obtained from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Vitamin mix (AIN-93-VX) and mineral mix (AIN-93G-Mix) were from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Irvine, CA, USA). All other reagents were of the highest grade available.
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5

Quercetin Supplementation in Animal Diets

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Quercetin (≥95%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Cellulose, α-cornstarch, β-cornstarch, and sucrose were purchased from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Casein, soybean oil, L-cystine, and t-butylhydroquinone were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). The vitamin mixture (AIN-93-VX), mineral mixture (AIN-93G-Mix), and lard were purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Irvine, CA, USA). All reagents used were of the highest grade available.
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6

Fish Protein Extraction and Characterization

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FP was prepared as previously described [9 (link)]. Briefly, FP was extracted from Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) fillets. After freeze-drying the muscles (FDU-1200, EYELA, Tokyo, Japan) and washing with n-hexane/ethanol (1:1), the residues were air-dried, ground using a Waring blender (GM200; Retsch Technology GmbH, Haan, Germany), and then stored at −35 °C. The yield of FP (lipid content being less than 0.1%) from the fillets was 11.8% (w/w). FO was purchased from Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). The AIN-93 vitamin mix, AIN-93G mineral mix, dextrinized cornstarch, cornstarch, cellulose, sucrose, and casein were purchased from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). L-Cystine, choline bitartrate, and soybean oil were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co. (Osaka, Japan). All other chemicals were obtained from common commercial sources and were reagent grade.
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7

Dietary Lipids and Nutrient Analysis

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Soybean oil and fish oil were obtained from J-Oil Mills, Inc. (Yokohama, Japan). Lard, vitamin mixture (AIN-93-VX), and mineral mixture (AIN-93G-Mix) were obtained from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Irvine, CA, USA). Cellulose, α-cornstarch, β-cornstarch, and sucrose were purchased from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Casein, L-cystine, choline bitartrate, and t-butylhydroquinone were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). All other reagents were of the highest grade available.
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8

Metabolic Profiling of Dietary Compounds

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Cornstarch, casein, sucrose, cellulose, American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93M mineral mix, and AIN-93M vitamin mix were purchased from Oriental Yeast Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Methionine and choline chloride were purchased from Nacalai Tesque Co., Ltd. (Kyoto, Japan). Lard was purchased from the Marine Foods Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). Measurement kits for levels of serum glucose (Glc), triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (T-chol), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and phospholipids (PLs) were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for mouse leptin, mouse adiponectin, and mouse resistin were purchased from R&D Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN, USA). All other chemicals used in this study were of the highest available purity.
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9

High-Fat Diet Feeding in Rats

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Male SD-IGS rats (4 weeks old) were purchased from Charles River Japan, Inc. They were housed individually in stainless steel wire netting cages and fed a commercial chow for 3 days during acclimation. The animals were kept in an environment controlled at 23±2℃ and 55%±5% humidity, with a 12 h : 12 h light : dark cycle. Subsequently, rats were switched to the experimental diet for 8 weeks. The composition of the high-fat diet (HFD) is shown in Table 2. α-Corn starch, milk casein, sucrose, cellulose, mineral mix, and a vitamin mixture were obtained from Oriental Yeast Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) . Soybean oil, L-cys- tine and t-butylhydroquinone were purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals Industries Ltd. (Osaka, Japan) and butter was purchased from Megmilk Snow Brand Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) . The purity of α-tocopherol was above 96.1%. After a 12 h fast, all rats were killed under diethyl ether anesthesia, and the arterial blood and adipose tissues were removed for analysis. All animal experiments were conducted with the approval of the ethics committee, in accordance with the guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals at Kanagawa Institute of Technology (Kanagawa, Japan) .
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