Axio lsm700

The morphologies and structures of the samples were characterized by a field emission SEM (MIRA3 LMU, TESCAN, Czech Republic). The chemical compositions and elemental maps were determined using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS, TESCAN, Czech Republic). The 3D surface morphologies and cross‐sectional profiles were taken by LCM (Axio LSM700, Zeiss, Germany). A UV–vis spectrophotometer (UV‐2600, Japan) with an integrating sphere was used to investigate the transmissivity and reflectivity of samples in the range of 220–1400 nm. The contact angles of different liquid droplets were measured with a contact angle measurement system (Biolin Scientific, Finland). The average contact angles and standard deviations were calculated by measuring five droplets at different locations on the same sample surface.

A field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM, MIRA3 LMU, Tescan, Czech Republic) was utilized to observe the micro-/nanostructures. The elemental composition and map of the samples were determined by an energy-dispersive spectroscope (EDS, Tescan, Czech Republic). The three-dimensional morphology and cross-sectional profiles were characterized by a laser confocal microscope (LCM; Axio LSM700, Zeiss, Germany). The surface temperature distribution was recorded by an infrared camera (Ti450, Fluke, USA). A contact angle system (Biolin Scientific, Finland) was used to measure the contact angles of water droplets on the samples surfaces. The left and right contact angles were measured to calculate the average value of water contact angles (WCAs). All average WCAs and standard deviations were calculated from at least three different measurements.

In order to better observe the corrosion morphology of the specimen surface and analyze the elements of the corrosion products, the surface of the specimens was first dried with a compressed air gun and then was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) (EvoMA 10C Zeissi Jena, Oberkochen, Germany). Moreover, the chemical elements of the surface corrosion products were analyzed by energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) and the surface morphology of corrosion specimens is obtained by using Hyperfield 3D microscopic systems (Keyence VHX-5000, Osaka, Japan) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) (Zeiss Axio LSM700, Oberkochen, Germany).