Acetylacetone

Acetic acid (>99.5%) was purchased from Titan. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, >96.0%), acetylacetone (99%), and sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄, >99.0%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent. Iron(III) acetylacetonate (>98%) was purchased from Shaoyuan. Titanium butoxide (≥99%) was purchased from Macklin. Fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO, resistance < 15 Ω sq⁻¹, transmittance >83%) substrates were purchased from Kaivo Optoelectronic Technology.

The tetrabutyl titanate (Ti(OC₄H₉)₄), nitric acid (HNO₃), ammonium vanadate (NH₄VO₃), cobalt nitrate (Co(NO₃)₂), acetylacetone, acetone, and absolute ethanol were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). P25 photocatalyst were purchased from Evonik Degussa, Essen, Germany. All reagents were of analytical grade and used without further purification. Deionized (DI) water and hydrolytic inhibitor (a mixture of acetylacetone, acetone, and absolute ethanol) were prepared by our group.

A total of 120 D. officinale samples were purchased from various provinces in China through online purchasing platforms. After being dried to a consistent weight, the materials were ground into a fine powder and sifted through an 80-mesh screen. The resulting powder samples were then stored in sealed and opaque plastic containers until analysis.
Deionized water was generated using a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA). Analytical-grade sodium periodate, hydrochloric acid, L-rhamnose acetate, acetic acid, acetylacetone, methanol, perchloric acid, vanillin, and anhydrous ethanol were procured from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Neutral alumina was also of analytical grade. High-purity standards of ginsenoside Re (≥98%), mannitol (≥98%), and naringenin (≥98%) were purchased from Must Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). HPLC-grade methanol and phosphoric acid were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).