Isopropanol

Curcumin and piperine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). TC, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total bile acid (TBA) kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). The free cholesterol (FC) kit was purchased from Applygen Technologies Inc. (Beijing, China). Apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) and ApoB kits were purchased from Shanghai Rongsheng Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The bicinchoninic acid assay kit was obtained from Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Ethanol and isopropanol of analytical grade were purchased from Dikma Technologies, Inc. (Beijing, China). TRIzol^® reagent was purchased from Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). The RevertAid™ First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit and the Maxima™ SYBR-Green/Fluorescein qPCR Master mix (2X) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Burlington, ON, Canada).

Sudan I, Sudan II, Sudan III, Sudan IV, Sudan red 7B, Sudan red G, Sudan red B, and Para red were obtained from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany). Water was prepared by a Milli-Q ultrapure water system (Millipore, Bedford, MA.). HPLC-grade acetonitrile, methanol, dichloromethane, and isopropanol were purchased from Dikma (Lake Forest, CA). Formic acid was obtained from Acros Organics (Morris Plains, NJ).