Prism software 6.0c

Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism Software 6.0c (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). The Wilcoxon Test was used to evaluate statistical significance between the mean cell viability of treated samples compared with the negative control (MTT assay) and mean values of the % DNA in the tail of treatment groups and controls, which were defined as 100%. Differences were considered statistically significant when the p-value was less than 0.05.

Data are expressed as the means ± SEM of at least three independently performed experiments. Differences between normally distributed groups were compared using a Student’s paired t test for analyses of tissues from the same mouse and an unpaired t test for samples from cells or different mice. For the dose–response assays, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to make sure that the plateau had been reached. Since dose–response experiments frequently show heteroscedasticity, Box-Cox transformations were used when necessary before the ANOVA to obtain uniform variances [33 (link)]. Power calculations were performed with a 95% confidence interval and only differences with a p < 0.05 were considered significant (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001). Data accumulation and calculations were performed using Excel 2011 (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA). GraphPad Prism 6.0c software™ (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) was used for all the statistical analyses.

The results are shown as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of values obtained in three or more independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test (two-tailed) for simple comparisons or ANOVA–Tukey for multiple comparisons, using GraphPad Prism 6.0c Software Inc. Differences were considered significant at p values below 0.05 (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).