4 tert butylpyridine 4 tbp

Bismuth iodide (BiI₃), bismuth
bromide (BiBr₃), copper iodide (CuI), titanium diisopropoxide
bis(acetylacetonate) (TDBA, 75 wt % in isopropanol), dimethylsulfoxide
(DMSO), hydroiodic acid (HI, 57%), chlorobenzene (CB, extra dry, 99.8%),
acetonitrile (99.9%), 4-tert-butylpyridine (4-tBP),
and bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt (LiTFSI, 99.95%)
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Tris[2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-tert-butylpyridine]cobalt(III)tri[bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide]
(FK209 Co(III), >98%) was purchased from Dyenamo. Dimethylformamide
(DMF), silver iodide (AgI), and toluene were purchased from Alfa Aesar.
2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxy phenylamino)-9,9-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD)
was purchased from Lumtec. Fluorine-doped tin(IV) oxide (FTO)-coated
glass substrates of 2 cm × 2 cm were purchased from Yingkou Opv
Tech New Energy Technology Co.

Pre‐patterned ITO‐coated glass substrates with a sheet resistance of 15 Ω ▫⁻¹ were purchased from Ying Kou You Xuan Trade Co. Ltd., China. The MSAPBS was synthesized according to the previous work.1 The perovskite precursors: lead (II) iodide (PbI₂, 99.99%), lead (II) bromide (PbBr₂), methylamine hydrobromide (MABr, >98%), and formamidine hydroiodide (FAI, >98%) were purchased from Xi'an Polymer Light Technology Corp, China. DMF (99.8%) and DMSO (99.99%, J&K Reagent) were acquired from Sigma‐Aldrich. Spiro‐MeOTAD (99.9%, Ningbo Borun New Material Technology Co., Ltd.), Li‐bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li‐TFSI, Acros), 4‐tert‐butylpyr‐idine (4‐tBP, Sigma‐Aldrich), acetonitrile, and chlorobenzene were used as received without further purification.

Lead (II) iodide (PbI₂, 99.99%) was purchased from high-purity chemicals. The 9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD, ≥99.5%) was purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Methylammonium acetate (MA-acetate, >98%) and formamidinium iodide (FAI, >99.0%) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Corporation (TCI, Tokyo, Japan). Oleic acid (OA; 90%, technical grade), oleylamine (OAm, 70%, technical grade), 1-Octadecene (ODE, 90%, technical grade) and chlorobenzene (CB, anhydrous, 99.8%), Bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt (Li-TFSI) and 4-tert-butylpyridine (4-TBP; 96%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Tokyo, Japan). Hexane (Guaranteed Reagent), methyl acetate (MeOAc, 99.5%, anhydrous), octane (Wako special grade), ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 99.5%, anhydrous) and lead nitrate (Pb (NO₃)₂, 99.9%) were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (Osaka, Japan). The 30NR-D titania paste was purchased from Greatcell Solar Materials (Queanbeyan, Australia). Al-Nanoxide A/SP was purchased from Solaronix. All chemicals were used as received.