The onset of depression is believed to be linked to a dysregulation of the sleep-wake rhythm and a disturbance of vigilance regulation. According to the vigilance model of affective disorders put forward by Hegerl et al. [26 (link)] hyperstable vigilance regulation is associated with depressive disorders whereas unstable vigilance regulation is associated with disorders such as Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or (hypo)manic states. To investigate this hypothesis for the first time in a large population-based cohort elderly participants underwent an EEG comprising of 3 paradigms: A 20-min resting EEG was performed to quantify wakefulness (EEG-vigilance) regulation according to the Leipzig Vigilance Algorithm Protocol (VIGALL, http://uni-leipzig.de/~vigall/ ). Furthermore, evoked potentials were assessed using a 15 min Novelty-Oddball-Paradigm (P300), and a 15 min Intensity Dependence of Auditory Evoked Potentials paradigm [27 (link), 28 (link)]. Alterations in P300-amplitude and latency have been linked to neurodegenerative processes and IAEP-magnitude has been linked to serotonin levels in the brain [28 (link), 29 (link)]. All EEG recordings were performed by trained staff in an electrically shielded and sound attenuated EEG booth using a 31-channel EEG (QuickAmp, Brain Products GmbH). Instructions were standardized using presentation scripts (Presentation Software).
Quickamp
Manufactured by Brain Products
Sourced in Germany, Netherlands
QuickAmp is a versatile and compact multi-channel amplifier designed for high-quality physiological signal recording. It offers a range of features, including high signal-to-noise ratio, low power consumption, and a modular design that allows for customization to meet the specific needs of researchers and clinicians.
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26 protocols using quickamp
1
EEG Vigilance Markers for Affective Disorders
2
EEG Recording and Analysis Protocol
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Electrical brain activity was recorded with Brain Vision Recorder (Brain products, 2007) and registered with 32 active Ag/AgCl electrodes through an EEG amplifier (QuickAmp, Brain Products, GmbH, Munich, Germany) with a sample rate of 500 Hz. We used an EEG-cap (Easycap, Brain Products GmbH, Munich, Germany), in which all electrodes were embedded according to the international 10/20 method of electrode placement (Jasper, 1958 ) with an AFz ground electrode. A common average reference was used online. Horizontal and vertical eye movements were registered via the electrodes next to the eyes (F9 and F10) and through comparing the activity of electrode Fp2 (above the eye) with the average reference, respectively. The EEG was recorded with a 50 Hz notch filter. Further analyses were processed offline.
3
Scalp EEG Recording Setup
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EEG was continuously recorded from 62 scalp sites and two additional electrodes placed on the left and right earlobes. We used a 136-channel amplifier (QuickAmp, Brain Products, Enschede, Netherlands) and the BrainVisionRecorder® software (Brain Products, Munich, Germany). Electrodes were mounted on an elastic cap (ActiCAP, Munich, Germany) and positioned according to the extended 10–20 system. Electrode impedance was kept below 5 kΩ. EEG signal was recorded against the average of all channels calculated by the amplifier hardware. The sampling rate was 500 Hz.
4
EEG Data Acquisition: 34-Channel Setup
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EEG data were recorded using QuickAmp (Brain Products, Germany) with Ag/AgCl electrodes. Thirty-four scalp electrodes were placed according to the 10–20 system (Fp1/2, F3/4, F7/8, Fz, FC1/2, FC5/6, FT9/10, C3/4, T7/8, Cz, CP1/2, CP5/6, TP9/10, P3/4, P7/8, Pz, O1/2, Iz, PO9/10). Additional electrodes were placed on the left and right mastoids, the left and right outer canthi of the eyes, and above and below the right eye. The data were referenced offline to the nose-tip electrode. The sampling rate was 1000 Hz. The online filter was DC-200 Hz. Electrode impedances were kept below 10 kΩ.
5
Resting-State EEG with 128-Channel Setup
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Four minutes resting-state eyes open EEG was recorded in both sessions with 128 Ag/AgCl electrodes (Quick Amp; Brain Products GmbH, extended 10–20 system, sampling rate of 1000 Hz), reference at FCz and ground at FPz electrode. The impedance of electrodes was below 10 KΩ. The preprocessing included 0.5–70 Hz filtering, baseline correction, exclusion of 1 s data segments containing artifacts, and independent component analysis (ICA). The identified eye movement and muscle artifacts components were removed (maximum 10% of all ICA components).
6
EEG Acquisition Using 62-Channel Cap
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EEG was recorded from 62 electrically shielded scalp electrodes and two additional electrodes placed on the left and right earlobes. A 128-channel amplifier (Quick Amp, Brain Products, Enschede, the Netherlands) and BrainVisionRecorder software (Brain Products, Gilching, Germany) were used to collect EEG signal. Ag/AgCl electrodes were mounted on an elastic cap (ActiCAP, Munich, Germany) according to the extended 10–20 system. Electrode impedances were kept below 5 kΩ. The sampling rate was 500 Hz.
7
EEG Signal Acquisition Protocol
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All EEG signals were acquired with the QuickAmp®, Brain Products, GmbH or the ActiCHamp®, Brain Products, GmbH. Both systems use the international 10–20 system with 32-channels standard electrode layout with ground and reference electrodes. The whole system was constituted by: Ag/AgCl active electrodes, a cap – actiCAP or EASYCAP (Brain Products, GmbH) – electrolyte gel and straps to keep the cap in place. Ground was located at forehead and reference was FCz channel when using QuickAmp equipment and Cz when using the ActiCHamp equipment. For each participant, the same equipment was used through all the sessions.
8
High-Density EEG Recording Setup
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EEG was continuously recorded from 62 scalp sites using a 136-channel amplifier (QuickAmp, Brain Products, Enschede, the Netherlands) and BrainVisionRecorder® software (Brain Products, Munich, Germany). Ag-AgCl electrodes were mounted on an elastic cap (ActiCAP, Munich, Germany) and positioned according to the extended 10–20 system. Electrode impedance was kept below 5 kΩ. The EEG signal was recorded against an average of all channels calculated by the amplifier hardware. Sampling rate was 500 Hz.
9
Visual Search Stimulus Presentation and EOG Recording
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Stimuli were presented by a notebook computer with a 43 cm (width) and 33 cm (height) external display—screen resolution was 1, 920 × 1, 200 pixels and refresh rate was 60 Hz—that was placed about 57 cm from the participant, so that 1 cm was approximately 1° field of view. The stimuli were one or two sets of stimulus objects that were identifiable by shape (ring, or cross), color (red, blue, green, purple, orange, or beige) and size (small, or large) features. Each set was arranged in an imaginary 6 × 6 grid of cells. The grids were centered on the horizontal midline, and equidistant from the vertical midline, with a 3.5 cm separation. The cells were 2.4 cm length squares. Each object was placed at the center of a cell with random jitter of 0–0.54 cm. Small and large objects were 0.89 and 1.44 cm (width/height). Stimuli were displayed on a black background. Luminance was 42–44 cd/m2. Examples are shown in Figure 1 .
Behavioral data were acquired via the keyboard. EOG was recorded with a digital amplifier (Brain Products, QuickAmp). Ag/AgCl electrodes were placed above and below the left eye (vertical EOG) and at outer left and right canthi (horizontal EOG). Electrode impedance was kept below 10 kΩ. EOG signals were amplified with a high-cutoff of 200 Hz and digitized at a sampling rate of 1,000 Hz.
Behavioral data were acquired via the keyboard. EOG was recorded with a digital amplifier (Brain Products, QuickAmp). Ag/AgCl electrodes were placed above and below the left eye (vertical EOG) and at outer left and right canthi (horizontal EOG). Electrode impedance was kept below 10 kΩ. EOG signals were amplified with a high-cutoff of 200 Hz and digitized at a sampling rate of 1,000 Hz.
10
EEG Acquisition Using 64-Channel System
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EEG was continuously recorded from 64 scalp electrodes using a 128-channel amplifier (Quick Amp, Brain Products, Enschede, Netherlands) and BrainVisionRecorder® software (Brain Products, Gilching, Germany). Ag-AgCl electrically shielded electrodes were mounted on an elastic cap (ActiCAP, Munich, Germany) and positioned according to the extended 10–20 system. Electrode impedance was kept below 5 kΩ. The EEG signal was recorded against an average of all channels calculated by the amplifier hardware. The sampling rate was 1000 Hz.
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