Human serum albumin (HSA) (96–99%, fraction V) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) (96%, fraction V) were purchased from GIBCO Co. (Shanghai, China). 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, soluble starch and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). Isorhamnetin (>98.0%), Apigenin (>98.0%), Naringenin (>98.0%), Kaempferol (>98.0%), Quercetin (>98.0%), Taxifolin (>98.0%), Luteolin (>96.0%), Isoquercitrin (>98.0%), Hyperoside (>98.0%), Astragalin (>98.0%), and Rutin (>98.0%) were purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology Co. (Shanghai, China). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ cm resistivity) was obtained from an ELGA water purification system (ELGA Berkefeld, Veolia, Germany). All of other chemicals were analytical grade and purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
Naringenin
Manufactured by Yuanye Bio-Technology
Sourced in China
Naringenin is a flavanone compound commonly found in citrus fruits. It serves as a standard reference material for analytical procedures involving flavonoid identification and quantification.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Nobiletin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (11 mentions)
Apigenin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (8 mentions)
Naringin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (8 mentions)
Narirutin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (7 mentions)
Hesperidin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (7 mentions)
Hesperetin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (7 mentions)
Luteolin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (6 mentions)
Tangeretin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (6 mentions)
Eriocitrin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (6 mentions)
Neohesperidin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (6 mentions)
Rutin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (5 mentions)
Kaempferol, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (4 mentions)
Quercetin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (4 mentions)
Eriodictyol, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (4 mentions)
Poncirin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (4 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Dihydrokaempferol, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (3 mentions)
Dihydroquercetin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (3 mentions)
Neoeriocitrin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (3 mentions)
Limonin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (3 mentions)
22 protocols using naringenin
1
Antioxidant Compounds Characterization
2
Quantification of Flavonoids and Catechins
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Xanthine oxidase powder was purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology Co. (Shanghai, China). Flavone (99.0%), 7-OH flavone (98.0%), chrysin (98.0%), biochanin A (98.0%), naringin (98.0%), and myricetin (98.0%) were bought from Alfa Aesar (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA). Formononetin (99.0%) and genistein (99.0%) were acquired from Acros Organics (Fisher Scientific, PA, USA). Baicalin (98.0%), baicalein (98.0%), wogonin (98.0%), apigenin (98.0%), luteolin (98.0%), hispidulin (98.0%), tangeretin (98.0%), nobiletin (98.0%), galangin (98.0%), kaempferide (98.0%), kaempferol (98.0%), kaempferitrin (98.0%), quercetin (98.0%), fisetin (98.0%), rutin (98.0%), daidzein (98.0%), tectorigenin (98.0%), puerarin (98.0%), dihydromyricetin (98.0%), naringenin (98.0%), catechin (C; 98.0%), (−)-gallocatechin (GC; 98.0%), epicatechin, (EC; 98.0%), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG; 98.0%), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC; 98.0%), (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG; 98.0%), and (−)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG; 98.0%) were commercially purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology Co. (Shanghai, China). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade acetonitrile was purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ cm resistivity) was obtained from an ELGA water purification system (ELGA Berkefeld, Veolia, Germany). All other reagents and solvents were of analytical grade.
3
HPLC Analysis of Flavonoid Standards
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All solvents and reagents were of analytical grade. Methanol, acetonitrile, phosphoric acid, and acetic acid (HPLC grade) were purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific (Shanghai, China). Authentic standards of apigenin, luteolin, naringenin, eriodictyol, dihydrokaempferol, and dihydroquercetin were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
4
Analysis of Phytochemicals in Herbal Extracts
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Deionized water was used for HPLC-Q-TOF-MS and HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis and was purified using a Milli-Q system (Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). HPLC-grade acetonitrile and formic acid were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and ROE (Newark, New Castle, USA), respectively. Methanol (AR) was purchased from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). The seventeen reference substances (seven flavonol glycosides, three flavonols, two polymethoxyflavonoids, three coumarins, one alkaloid, and one limonin), including synephrine (15 ), neoeriocitrin (36 ), poncirin (39 ), eriocitrin (40 ), naringin (42 ), naringenin (43 ), narirutin (44 ), neohesperidin (51 ), hesperidin (56 ), apigenin (59 ), hesperitin (61 ), xanthotoxol (71 ), scopoletin (76 ), auraptene (80 ), limonin (79 ), nobiletin (85 ), and tangeretin (87 ) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
5
Extraction and Analysis of Bile Acids
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Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 medium (RPMI 1640) and penicillin/streptomycin (PS) were purchased from Gibco (USA). The standards included lithocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glycolithocholic acid, glycoursodeoxycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurolithocholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid were purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Estradiol was obtained from Sigma (San Francisco, US), and Estradiol-3-O-sulfate was ordered from Meilun Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Dalian, China). Naringenin was purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). The purity of standards was always more than 98%. Methanol and acetonitrile were derived from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The deionized water (18 MΩ) was from a MilliQ water purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA). HLB solid phase extraction column was sourced from Waters (Milford, MA, USA).
6
Characterization of Naringenin Nanoparticles
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Naringenin was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., LTD. The concentration of Naringenin was measured using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Naringenin was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM, H-7650; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). The Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Limited, Malvern, UK) particle analyzer was used to determine particle zeta potential and size distribution.
7
Cytotoxicity Screening of Flavonoids
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HepG2 cells
(4000 per well) were cultured into 96-well plates for 24 h, and they
were exposed to a series of concentrations of naringenin, nobiletin,
apigenin (Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, China), and tangeretin
(Shanghai Standard Technology Co., Ltd., China) for another 24 h.
A cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) solution (Biorigin Inc., China) assay
was conducted to screen the safety concentrations of the four compounds
on HepG2 cells. The concentration–cell viability curves were
drawn, and half of the value of the concentration when cell viability
reached 90% was considered as the tested concentration, at which cell
viability was expected to be over 85% in another assay.
(4000 per well) were cultured into 96-well plates for 24 h, and they
were exposed to a series of concentrations of naringenin, nobiletin,
apigenin (Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, China), and tangeretin
(Shanghai Standard Technology Co., Ltd., China) for another 24 h.
A cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) solution (Biorigin Inc., China) assay
was conducted to screen the safety concentrations of the four compounds
on HepG2 cells. The concentration–cell viability curves were
drawn, and half of the value of the concentration when cell viability
reached 90% was considered as the tested concentration, at which cell
viability was expected to be over 85% in another assay.
8
HPLC Analysis of Flavonoid Standards
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All analyte standards were purchased from Chengdu Mansite Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chendu, China). Naringenin, which was used as internal standard (IS), was bought from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Table 2 shows the specific information of five standards. Meanwhile, the structure of all standards is shown in Figure 1 . The deionized water used in the experiment was produced by Milli Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Both acetonitrile and methanol were HPLC grade and were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
9
Bacterial Strains and Reagents for Biotransformation
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E. coli DH5α and C41(DE3) were used as hosts for DNA cloning and whole-cell biotransformation, respectively. Primer STAR HS DNA polymerase and restriction endonucleases were obtained from Takara (Dalian, China). DNA and genomic DNA Extraction Kits were obtained from Thermo Scientific (Waltham, United States) and TIANGEN (Beijing, China), respectively. The plasmid miniprep purification kit was purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). Oligonucleotide synthesis and sequence analysis were achieved by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). ALA and hemin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). Naringenin, eriodictyol, dihydrokaempferol, dihydroquercetin, kaempferol, quercetin, apigenin, luteolin, daidzein, and 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone were purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology (Shanghai, China). Other chemicals were purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China) and were of the highest commercial grade available.
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E. coli DH5α and C41(DE3) were used as hosts for DNA cloning and whole-cell biotransformation, respectively. Primer STAR HS DNA polymerase and restriction endonucleases were obtained from Takara (Dalian, China). DNA and genomic DNA Extraction Kits were obtained from Thermo Scientific (Waltham, United States) and TIANGEN (Beijing, China), respectively. The plasmid miniprep purification kit was purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). Oligonucleotide synthesis and sequence analysis were achieved by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). ALA and hemin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). Naringenin, eriodictyol, dihydrokaempferol, dihydroquercetin, kaempferol, quercetin, apigenin, luteolin, daidzein, and 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone were purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology (Shanghai, China). Other chemicals were purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China) and were of the highest commercial grade available.
10
Analytical Protocol for Gastrointestinal Dysmotility
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SMD, used for gastrointestinal dysmotility in China (approval number: guo-yao-zhun-zi Z20025044; specification: 10 mL/division), was obtained from Hunan Hansen Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd. (Yi Yang, China). HSA was acquired from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA), standards, including arecaidine, arecoline, norisoboldine, linderane, costunolide, dehydrocostus lactone, synephrine, rutin, limonin, eriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, heohesperidin, poncirin, naringenin, hesperetin, nobiletin, tangeretin, and sorbic acid with a purity of over 98%, were purchased from Yuan-ye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The formic acid, acetonitrile, and methanol used for HPLC analysis were chromatographic grade and purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
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