Quercetin 3 glucoside

The standards caffeic acid, caftaric acid, coutaric acid, fertaric acid, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside, kaempferol 3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-glucuronide, quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin 3-glucoside, dihydroquercetin-3,5-rhamnoside, dihydrokaempferol-3-glucoside, procyanidin trimer, procyanidin B2, procyanidin tetramer, (−)-epicatechin, (−)-epicatechin 3-gallate, petunidyn-3-O-glucoside, malvidyn-3-O-glucoside, delphinidyn-3-O-(6′-acetyl)-glucoside, petunidyn-3-O-(6″-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside and malvidyn-3-O-(6″-caffeoyl)-glucoside were purchased from Extrasynthese (Lyon Nord, France). 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, ABTS), gallic acid, FeCl₃, Trolox and all solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Pectinex^® Ultra SP-L was obtained from Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark).

Intestinal Acetone powder from rat sources of α-glucosidase, α-amylase from porcine pancreas type VI-B, TRIS-base, D-glucose, D-fructose, aminoguanidine hydrochloride, sodium azide, bovine serum albumin (BSA), acarbose, caffeic acid, (+)-catechin, cinchonine, starch from rice, sodium chloride, maltose, sucrose, formic acid, phosphate buffered saline, 2,2′- azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), fluorescein, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethychroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), iron(III) chloride, potassium persulfate, 2,4,6-tris-2-pyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), and acetonitrile were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Acetone, methanol, ethyl acetate, hydrochloric acid, iodine, potassium iodide, disodium phosphate and monosodium phosphate were purchased from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland). Potato starch and calcium chloride were purchased from POCH (Gliwice, Poland). Chlorogenic acid, cyanidin, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-rutinoside, and quercetin 3-rhamnoside were obtained from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France). NeoChlorogenic acid, cryptoChlorogenic acid, procyanidin C1 were purchased from PhytoLab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). Ultrapurity water was prepared in the laboratory using a Simplicity Water Purification System (Millipore, Marlborough, MA, USA).

Trans-Resveratrol was obtained from ICN Biomedicals (South Chillicothe Road, Aurora, OH, USA), whereas catechin, epicatechin, oenin, quercetin, quercetin-3-glucoside, and rutin were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). All other compounds such as solvents of analytical grade, were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Intestinal Acetone powder from a rat source of α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20), α-amylase from porcine pancreas type VI-B (EC 3.2.1.1), pancreatin from porcine pancreas, pepsin from the gastric mucosa of pigs, bile from bovine and ovine, TRIS-HCl, acarbose, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, cinchonine, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, kaempferol 3-glucoside, naringin, sodium chloride, maltose, formic acid, methanol, and acetonitrile were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Acetone, ethanol, ethyl acetate, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, iodine, potassium iodide, disodium phosphate, and monosodium phosphate were purchased from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland). Potato starch and calcium chloride were purchased from POCH (Gliwice, Poland) and glucose test from Biomaxima SA (Lublin, Poland). Quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-rutinoside, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, and isorhamnetin 3-glucoside were obtained from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France). Procyanidin C1, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were purchased from PhytoLab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). Kaempferol was purchased from ICN Biomedicals (Costa Mesa, CA, USA). Ultrapurity water was prepared in the laboratory using a Simplicity Water Purification System (Millipore, Marlborough, MA, USA).

Acetonitrile, formic acid, and methanol (MeOH) were of HPLC-gradient grade and were purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). The water was treated in a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Milford, MA, USA). Catechin, epiCatechin, Catechin gallate, epiCatechin gallate, procyanidins B1 and B2, myricetin-3-glucoside, myricetin-3-galactoside, querce-tin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-glucuronide, kaempherol-3-glucoside, kaempherol-3-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-glucoside, and isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside were purchased by Extrasynthese (Lyon, France) and gallic, caffeic, ferulic, and coutaric acids were purchased from Aldrich (Munich, Germany).

Standard calibration curves were prepared using the following standards: agrimoniin and bis-HHDP-glucose pedunculagin (obtained from the Institute of Food Technology and Analysis), quercetin-3-glucoside, tiliroside, kaempferol 3-glucoside, ellagic acid, quercetin 3-d-galactoside, quercetin, kaempferol, (−)-epicatechin-phloroglucinol adduct (after phloroglucinolysis of procyanidin B2 standard) (Extrasynthese, France), (−)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin (Sigma, Steinheim, Germany). Standard stock solutions were diluted to appropriate concentrations for the plotting of calibration curves. The linearity was obtained by plotting the peak areas versus the corresponding concentrations (mg/L) of each analyte. Table 7 shows the equations of the calibration curves and the correlation coefficients (R²) of the standards used.

Formic acid (LC-MS grade) was obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetonitrile (LC-MS grade) and methanol (LC-MS grade) were purchased from VWR International Srl (Milan, Italy). Liquid nitrogen was purchased from Rivoira (Milan, Italy). Sodium fluoride, phosphoric acid, glacial acetic acid, TPTZ, ABTS, iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, Trolox, potassium chloride, (+)-catechin, sodium carbonate, F-C reagent, quercetin-3-xyloside, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, naringenin-7-glucoside, and phloridzin were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Quercetin-3-rutinoside and potassium peroxydisulfate were purchased from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Quercetin-3-glucoside, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, cyanidin-3-galactoside chloride, and malvidin-3-glucoside chloride were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France).
(−)-Epicatechin, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, procyanidin C1, chlorogenic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside chloride, cyanidin-3-arabinoside chloride, phloretin, quercetin-3-arabinoside, quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-4’-glucoside, and quercetin-3-rhamnoside were purchased from Phytolab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). Sodium acetate anhydrous was purchased from CHEMSOLUTE^® (Renningen, Germany). Hydrochloric acid from Fisher Chemical (Pittsburgh, UK). Deionized water was from MilliQ apparatus (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA, USA).