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19 protocols using axiocam software

1

Quantitative Kidney Histology Analysis

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For each mouse, quantitative analysis of glomerular volume, fractional mesangial area, and tuft area in paraffin-embedded kidney sections stained with PAS reagent was performed as described previously [33 (link)]. To examine collagen matrix, paraffin-embedded sections were stained with a picrosirius red stain [33 (link)]. Oil Red O staining was performed to evaluate lipid accumulation in frozen kidney tissues as described previously [33 (link)]. For immunohistochemistry, we used anti-nephrin (1:100; Progen biotechnik GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany), anti-F4/80 (1:200; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti-αSMA (1:200), and anti-collagen IV (1:200; Southern Biotechnology Associates, Birmingham, AL, USA) antibodies. Images were captured using a Zeiss microscope equipped with an Axio Cam HRC digital camera and Axio Cam software (Carl Zeiss, Thornwood, NY, USA). Staining intensities were then quantified using Image-Pro Plus 4.5 software (Media 149 Cybernetics, Silver Springs, MD, USA) as described previously [33 (link)]. Imaging for DAPI (1:1000), anti-PMP70 (1:200, Abcam, Cambridge, MA), and anti-catalase (1:200, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) antibodies was conducted using a confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss, Gottingen, Germany).
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2

Embryonic Development Imaging and Analysis

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At 4 dpf, eleutheroembryos were mounted in 3% methylcellulose and imaged on a Zeiss dissecting microscope with a Zeiss AxioCam MR Color CCD camera at 50x magnification (Zeiss, Peabody, MA, USA). Zeiss Axiocam software was used to take measurements of the pericardial area, an assessment made as to whether the swim bladder was inflated, and a deformity score assessing the truncation of Meckel’s cartilage was given using previously established parameters that incorporate both frequency and severity (Harbeitner et al., 2013 (link)). The ventral-dorsal distance was measured by dropping a straight line from the third somite to the bottom of the yolk sac.
To measure the yolk area of early stage embryos, 19 nrf2a+/+and 20 nrf2afh318/fh318 blastula-stage embryos (3 hpf), embryos were imaged on an EVOS Auto FL at 100x magnification. To standardize measurement of yolk sacs, the diameter was measured twice. The first measurement began at the edge of the yolk sac closest to the center of the embryonic cell mass, and this line extended to the furthest point across the yolk sac. The second diameter measurement was of the line perpendicular to the first one. The volume for an ellipse was used to calculate yolk sac area: A = πab, where “a” is the radius of one measurement, and “b” is the radius of the other (0.5*diameter). Results are reported in microns2 (µm2).
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3

Imaging and Quantification of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells

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Following in situ hybridization, OPC cultures were imaged using ×40 and ×60 air objectives on an Axio Lab.A1 microscope with an Axiocam ICc5 camera and Axiocam software (Zeiss, Germany). Confocal fluorescent images of cultures and tissue sections were collected using an UltraView spinning disk confocal microscope with Volocity Software (Perkin Elmer, MA) with standard excitation and emission filters for DAPI (Hoechst 33342), FITC (Alexa Fluor‐488), TRITC (Alexa Fluor‐568) and far red (Alexa Fluor‐647). Hoechst 33342 was used to consistently define regions of interest within each tissue section. For low magnification images for cell number quantification, confocal stacks were collected at 2 μm Z‐intervals using a ×20 or ×40 objective and were stitched using Volocity Software. For high magnification images for quantification of assembled primary cilia, confocal stacks were collected at 0.5 μm Z‐intervals using a 100x oil objective and stitched using Volocity Software. Cell counts were performed manually from exported images, using ImageJ (NIH, Washington DC) and Adobe Photoshop CS6 by an experimenter blind to genotype, timepoint or treatment. Images were collected from ≥3 mice per genotype for in vivo experiments and ≥ 3 independent biological replicates per treatment condition for in vitro experiments.
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4

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Liver Oxidative Stress

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Liver tissues fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde were embedded in paraffin using standard procedures. Liver tissue sections were prepared and immunohistochemical staining was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Liver tissue Section 4 µm in thickness were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or immunohistochemical characterization was performed using antibody specific to 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG; Trevigen, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA), anti-4HNE (JalCA, Tokyo, Japan), 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT; Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany), and F4/80 (Abcam). Liver sections were stained with Schiff’s reagent (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 20 min, followed by counterstaining with hematoxylin solution for 2 min. Sirius Red staining was performed to reveal collagen deposition. The slides were deparaffinized, hydrated with xylene and ethanol, and then incubated with picric acid solution containing 0.1% Fast-green FCF and 0.1% Direct Red 80 for 2 h. All steps were performed at room temperature and the tissues were rinsed with tap water after each step. The stained sections were photographed using a microscope equipped with AxioCam software (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany).
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5

Ear Sheets Preparation and Imaging

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Ear sheets were prepared by separating the dorsal and ventral sides of the ears. Subsequently ear-pieces were floated dermis side down for 20 h (DNSB stimulation) or 24 h (cytokine or anti-CD3 stimulation) at 37°C in DMEM medium containing either DMSO, 0.1% DNSB, 10 ng/ml IL-1β, or 1 µg/ml anti-CD3. Subsequently epidermal sheets were prepared as previously described (25 (link)). Sheets were stained with anti-γδ TCR (GL3) for 1 h at RT, washed and mounted on slides using DAKO fluorescent mounting medium (Carpenteria, San Diego, California, USA). Samples were imaged directly after staining with a Nikon Eclipse E800 microscope. Digital images were collected with an AxioCamHRc camera and AxioCam software (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) and image processing was performed using Adobe Photoshop and InDesign. Changes in the DETC morphology after anti-CD3 and cytokine treatment were assessed by counting the number of dendrites on each cell (more than two dendrites = resting; one or two dendrites = partially activated; no dendrites = activated). A minimum of 200 cells from at least 3 experiments was counted for each treatment.
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6

Pellet Morphometric Analysis

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Morphological analysis was performed on uncut pellets to observe the possible shape and size differences among the groups. The pellets were collected on a glass side and covered with 100 μL of 70% methanol. A 2.5× objective on a Zeiss AxioPlan Microscope (Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany) was used to take pictures of the pellets. Radius measurements were performed using Axiocam software (Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Göttingen, Germany).
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7

Renal Histopathological Analysis Protocol

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The right kidney was fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde-lysine-periodate (pH 7.4), dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned. Sections were stained with periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) reagent. On each section, 15 different superficial glomeruli were randomly selected from each kidney to analyze glomerular volume and fractional mesangial area (FMA). Paraffin-embedded sections were stained using picrosirius red stain to demonstrate collagen matrix. For immunohistochemistry (IHC), anti-nephrin (PROGEN Biotechnik GmbH Inc., Heidelberg, Germany, 1:100), anti-F4/80, and anti-8-oxo-dG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA, 1:400) antibodies were used. Images were obtained using a Zeiss microscope equipped with an Axio Cam HRC digital camera and Axio Cam software (Carl Zeiss, Thornwood, NY, USA) and quantified by Image-Pro Plus 4.5 software (Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA).
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8

Quantifying Drosophila Organ Size Phenotypes

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All fluorescent images were acquired using Carl Zeiss LSM710. Adult eye and wing samples were photographed at different levels ranging from top to bottom with the Axiocam software (Zeiss). Multilevel images were combined using the Zeren Stacker software. Quantification of the adult eye size was performed using the Image J software. Statistical analysis shown in Figs. 5i and 7j were evaluated using GraphPad Prism 8 (http://www.graphpad.com). Mean values of the data are presented with standard error of mean (±s.e.m.) where indicated. Organ size phenotype was quantified relative to the size of wild-type organs, in which the error bar of the control was calculated as standard error of mean (± s.e.m.) as indicated. Statistical significance was evaluated by unpaired one-tailed Student’s t test using Microsoft Office Excel and are indicated as ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01 and *p < 0.05.
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9

Liver Histopathological Analysis via IHC

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Tissue samples were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis as previously described [15 (link)]. Briefly, liver tissue was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde-lysine-periodate, dehydrated, and embedded in paraffin. To examine the liver histology and morphology, 5 μm liver sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). For IHC staining, anti-4-hydroxynonena (4-HNE; 1:200, MHN-100P, CiteAb, New Bond St, UK), anti-F4/80 (1:200; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Dallas, TX, USA), anti-nitrotyrosine (NT, 1:400, sc-32757, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), anti-8-hydroxyguanine (8-oxo-dG; 1:200; 4354-MC-050, Trevigen, Gaithersburg, MD, USA), and anti-collagen 1 (COL1; 1:200, 1310-01, Southern Biotech, Birmingham, AL, USA) antibodies were used and incubated with the tissue sections overnight at 4°C. Images were captured using a Zeiss microscope equipped with an Axio Cam HRC digital camera and Axio Cam software (Carl Zeiss, Thornwood, NY, USA). The staining intensities were quantified using Image-Pro Plus 4.5 software (Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA).
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10

Quantitative Analysis of Kidney Matrix Remodeling

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Kidneys were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde-lysine-periodate (pH 7.4), dehydrated, and embedded in paraffin. Kidney tissue sections (5 μm) were stained with Masson’s trichrome stain to detect matrix collagen accumulation. The tissue sections were also immuno-stained overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies, i.e., anti-F4/80 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA) and anti-collagen I (Southern Biotech, Birmingham, AL, USA). Briefly, the tissue sections were de-paraffinized and successively incubated in 3% hydrogen peroxide and 5% normal goat serum, avidin/biotin blocking solution (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA), primary antibody, and specific secondary antibody (Vector Laboratories). Bound antibodies were visualized with 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB; Dako, Glostrup, Denmark). Images were obtained using a Zeiss microscope equipped with an Axio Cam HRC digital camera and Axio Cam software (Zeiss, Thornwood, NY, USA) and quantified with Image-Pro Plus4.5 software (Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA).
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