Pesticide reference standards including malathion, diazinon, profenofos, primiphos-methy, chlorpyrifos-methyl, monocrotophos, dimethoate, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, oxamyl, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, metalaxyl, difenoconazole, α-BHC, β-BHC, γ-BHC, δ-BHC, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, trans-chlordane, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, cis-chlordane trans-nonachlor, dieldrin, P-P-DDE, endrin, cis-nonachlor, P-P-DDD, endosulfan-sulfate, P,P-DDT, and methoxychlor were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany), with certified purity ranging from 97% to 99%. Acetonitrile, tolune, ammonia solution, sodium chloride, acetic acid, triphenylphosphate (TPP), and ethoprophos were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), and anhydrous magnesium sulfate, Bondesil sorbents (primary and secondary amine; PSA particle size 40 μm), and graphite carbon black (GCB) from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All the organic solvents used were higher performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade.
Difenoconazole
Manufactured by LGC
Sourced in Germany
Difenoconazole is a fungicide used in the analysis and testing of various samples. It is a broad-spectrum triazole fungicide that inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis, a crucial component of fungal cell membranes. Difenoconazole is commonly used in analytical and quality control laboratory settings to ensure the integrity and safety of tested materials.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Imidacloprid, by LGC (3 mentions)
Tebuconazole, by LGC (3 mentions)
Carbendazim, by LGC (3 mentions)
Cypermethrin, by LGC (2 mentions)
Fenpropathrin, by LGC (2 mentions)
Acetamiprid, by LGC (2 mentions)
α bhc, by LGC (2 mentions)
β bhc, by LGC (2 mentions)
δ bhc, by LGC (2 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Chlorpyrifos, by LGC (2 mentions)
Thiophanate methyl, by LGC (2 mentions)
Triadimefon, by LGC (2 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Chlorpyrifos methyl, by LGC (1 mentions)
Diazinon, by LGC (1 mentions)
Monocrotophos, by LGC (1 mentions)
Dimethoate, by LGC (1 mentions)
Deltamethrin, by LGC (1 mentions)
Dieldrin, by LGC (1 mentions)
6 protocols using difenoconazole
1
Comprehensive Pesticide Residue Analysis
2
Pesticide and Heavy Metal Analysis Protocol
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All pesticides standards including α-BHC(100 mg L−1), β-BHC (100 mg L−1), γ-BHC (100 mg L−1), δ-BHC (100 mg L−1), p,p′-DDE (100 mg L−1), o,p′-DDT (100 mg L−1), p,p′-DDT (100 mg L−1), p,p′-DDD (100 mg L−1), azoxystrobin (99.0%), carbendazim (99.0%), chlorothalonil (98.9%), chlorpyrifos (99.5%), cypermethrin (98.2%), chlorantraniliprole (98.2%), dichlorvos (99.7%), difenoconazole (99.2%), fenpropathrin (98.9%), isocarbophos (98.9%), procymidone (99.5%), prochloraz (99.2%), pyraclostrobin (98.1%), thiophanate-methyl (99.3%), tebuconazole (99.5%) and λ-cyhalothrin (93.5%) were purchased from Dr Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were provided by Bangyi Chemical Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). Anhydrous magnesium sulphate, anhydrous sodium sulphate and n-hexane were of analytical grade. Primary secondary amine (PSA) was provided by Agela Technologies.
Each single element stock solution (1000 mg L−1) of Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, As, Cd, and Hg were purchased from National Standard Material Research Centre (Beijing, China). Guaranteed reagent nitric acid (HNO3) was provided by Fanhong Trading Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China).
Each single element stock solution (1000 mg L−1) of Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, As, Cd, and Hg were purchased from National Standard Material Research Centre (Beijing, China). Guaranteed reagent nitric acid (HNO3) was provided by Fanhong Trading Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China).
3
Analytical Standards for Pesticide Detection
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Analytical standards of flubendiamide (97%), triadimefon (99%), tebuconazole (99%), difenoconazole (98%), carbendazim (98%), fenaminosulf (99%), and thiophanate-methyl (99%) were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany), and analytical standards of triazophos, isoprothiolane, hexaconazole, propiconazole, prochloraz, tricyclazole, abamectin, buprofezin, emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, pymetrozine, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, iprodione, procymidone, and diniconazole (all at 100 μg/ml) were bought from the Agro-Environmental Protection Institute (Tianjin, China). Methanol (MeOH; LC grade) and acetonitrile (ACN; LC grade) were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (Fairlawn, USA). Ammonium acetate (HPLC grade) and formic acid (HPLC grade) were provided by Tedia Company, Inc. (Fairfield, USA). Primary-secondary amine (PSA, 40–63 µm) and octadecyl silane (C18, 50 µm) sorbents were purchased from Shanghai Anpel Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Purified water was prepared by a Milli-Q reagent water system (Millipore, Milford, MA, USA).
4
Pesticide Exposure on Gut Microbiome of Honey Bees
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Honey bees were obtained from five healthy looking colonies located in the experimental apiary of Abeilles & Environnement (Bees & Environment) Research Unit at Avignon INRAE Research Centre (South of France). To rear newly emerged honey bees lacking core gut bacteria, tan-colored dark-eyed pupae were removed from the brood combs using sterile forceps and were allowed to emerge in sterile plastic boxes. The plastic boxes were kept for 2 days at 34.5 ± 2 °C under 85% relative humidity. Newly emerged honey bees were then distributed in sterile plastic cages (6 × 8.5 × 10 cm; 30 bees per cage) by mixing bees from all five hives into each cage. Imidacloprid, difenoconazole and glyphosate were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany) (Table 1 ).
Characteristics of the pesticides.
| Active substance | CAS number | Purity (%) | Pesticide family |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imidacloprid | 138261-41-3 | 98 | Neonicotinoid insecticide |
| difenoconazole | 119446-68-3 | 98 | Triazole fungicide |
| Glyphosate | 1071-83-6 | 98 | 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibitor herbicide |
5
Fungicide Evaluation via Spectrophotometry
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Difenoconazole (purity: 99.9%, CAS Number: 119446-68-3) and dimethomorph (purity: 98.7%, CAS Number: 110488-70-5) were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany), and DMSO (purity: 99.7%, LC-MS Grade) was purchased from Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA, USA). Other reagents (analytical grade) were purchased from Shanghai Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China).
6
Pesticide Residue Quantification Protocol
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Methanol, acetone, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate and acetonitrile were all purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and Fisher Scientific (Trinidad, UK). All chemicals were of chromatographic reagent grade. Formic acid was obtained from Dikma Technologies (USA). Analytical-grade standards (purities>98%), carbendazim, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, triadimenol, triadimefon, tebuconazole, chlorbenzuron, difenoconazole, chlorpyrifos, buprofezin, and pyridaben were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany) and Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Individual chemical stock solutions (2 mg/mL) were prepared in HPLC-grade Methanol and stored in the dark at -20ºC. Anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ), primary-secondary amine (PSA) bonded silica bulk, octadecylsilane (LC-C18, 40-63 μm) and nylon syringe filters (0.22 μm) were obtained from Shanghai Anpel Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ultra-pure water was obtained from a Milli-Q system (Bedford, MA, USA).
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