Herniarin

Herniarin (Golexir, Iran), Graphene oxide, ethyl(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS), Chitosan (LMW), 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylradical (DPPH), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The human lung cancer (A549) and normal (HFF) cell lines were provided by the Pastore Institute of Iran.

All the chemicals used for the antioxidant measurements (DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) and the total phenol assay (Folin–Ciocalteu reagent), and the phenolic standards (chlorogenic, rosmarinic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, vanillic and protocatechuic acids, and vanillin, luteolin, apigenin, coumarin, herniarin) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France). Ethanol, ethyl acetate, cyclohexane, and acetonitrile were of HPLC grade and provided by Fisher Scientific (Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France).

Solvents of analytical grade were obtained from VWR International s.r.l. (Milan, Italy) while solvents used for Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-diode array detector (DAD) were purchased from Carlo Erba s.r.l. (Milan, Italy). Acarbose from Actinoplanes sp. was purchased from Serva (Heidelberg, Germany). α-Glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (EC 3.2.1.20), α-amylase from porcine pancreas (EC 3.2.1.1), pancreatic lipase, apigenin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumarin, herniarin, ferulic acid, luteolin, homovanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, rosmarinic acid, and vanillinic acid, ascorbic acid, propyl gallate, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), quercetin, Tween 20, ascorbic acid, sodium potassium tartrate, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, (ABTS) solution, sodium acetate, β-carotene, linoleic acid, peroxidase-glucose oxidase (PGO), sodium phosphate, maltose, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, potato starch, and o-dianisidine colour reagent (DIAN) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich s.r.l. (Milan, Italy).