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7 protocols using smad3 9523

1

Browne Adipose Tissue Protein Analysis

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Protein from brown adipocytes or brown adipose tissue was extracted using lysing buffer. Protein concentration was determined using BCA Protein Assay kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Nanjing, China). Proteins (30 μg) were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF nitrocellulose membrane (Millipore, Boston, MA, USA), blocked with 5% fat-free milk for 2 h at room temperature and then incubated with primary antibodies in 5% milk overnight at 4°C. Sirt1 (ab110304), Sirt2 (ab191383), CHOP (ab179823), GRP78 (ab108615), ATF4 (ab184909), ERDJ4 (ab118282), Bax (ab32503), Apaf-1 (ab32372), UCP1 (ab2384) and PRDM16 (ab106410) antibodies were all purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Active-Caspase 3 (bs7004), active-Caspase 9 (bs7070), Bcl-2 (bs1511) and GAPDH (ap0063) antibodies were purchased from Bioworld (Nanjing, China). Smad3 (9523S) and IRE1 (3294S) antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (CST, Boston, MA, USA). Rabbit HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (Boaoshen, Beijing, China) was added and incubated at room temperature for 2 h. Proteins were visualized using chemiluminescent peroxidase substrate (Millipore, Boston, MA, USA), and then the blots were quantified using ChemiDoc XRS system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
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2

Cellular Signaling Pathway Analysis

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Recombinant activin A and FST were purchased from R&D systems (Minneapolis, Mn, United States). DNase I and Liberase™ Research Grade were obtained from Roche (Mannheim, Germany). Progesterone (P4) and Estradiol (E2) were provided by TCI (Shanghai, China). Giemsa cytological stain was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). Fluo‐4 was from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Ottawa, ON, Canada). The antibodies against GAPDH (abs132004), MMP2 (abs130432) and MMP9 (abs155182) were obtained from Absin (Shanghai, China). The antibodies against Ezrin (3145S), Vimentin (5741S), p‐ERK1/2 (4370S), ERK1/2 (4695S), p‐SMAD3 (9520S) and SMAD3 (9523S) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, United States). The antibodies against p‐p38 (WLP1576), p38 (WL00764), p‐JNK (WL01813) and JNK (WL01295) were bought from Wanlei Biotechnology (Shenyang, China). JNK inhibitor AS601245 was obtained from Absin (Shanghai, China).
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Western Blot Analysis of Smad Signaling

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Protein lysates were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and then transferred to a PVDF membrane. Membranes were blocked and incubated, according to the instructions provided, with the primary antibody. Protein bands were identified through a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody and enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (Pierce, Rockford, IL). The following primary antibodies were used for Western blots: phospho-Smad2 (Ser465/467) #3108, Smad2 #5339, phospho-Smad3 (Ser423/425) #9520, and Smad3 #9523 (each 1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology); CS-56 (1:500, C8035, Sigma-Aldrich); β-actin (1:3000, A5316, Sigma-Aldrich); GFAP (1:1000, Z0334, Dako); KCa3.1 (1:500, ab83740, Abcam). The following secondary antibodies were used: HRP-linked anti-rabbit IgG (1:2000, NA9340V, GE Healthcare); HRP-linked anti-mouse IgG (1:2000, NA9310V, GE Healthcare). Immunoreactivity for each protein was quantified using Image J software. Blots of cell lysate were reprobed with β-actin as a loading control.
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4

TGF-β Signaling Pathway Activation

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Cells were serum-starved overnight and treated with 100pM TGF-β for 60 minutes. Cells were lysed in 2× Laemmli sample buffer, and the proteins were resolved on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel. All primary antibodies (Slug #9585, p-Smad2 #3108, Smad2 #3103, p-Smad3 #9520, Smad3 #9523, p-ERK1/2 #9101, ERK1/2 #9102, p-AKT #4058, AKT #4691, p-p38 #4631, p38 #9212) were purchased from Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA, USA) except for β-actin (Sigma, AA5441) and N-cadherin (#610921) and E-cadherin (#610182) (BD Biosciences). Anti-mouse (#5470) and anti-rabbit (#5151) secondary antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling. Blots were scanned using the LI-COR Odyssey (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA).
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5

Protein Expression Profiling in Cell Signaling

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Total protein was isolated using RIPA lysis buffer, separated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and then transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes. The membrane was and probed with diluted primary rabbit antibodies against Caspase-3 (ab13847), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax; ab32503), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) (ab32124), Bcl-XL (ab32370), TGF-β1 (ab92486), β-actin (ab8227), GAPDH (ab181602), E-cadherin (3195), N-cadherin (13116), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)3 (14351), MMP9 (13667), Smad2 (5339), Smad3 (9523), phosphorylated (p)-Smad2 (18338), and p-Smad3 (9520, Cell Signaling Technologies) overnight at 4°C. The antibodies were from Abcam except for p-Smad2/3. After washing, membrane was re-probed with the horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (ab205719, 1: 2000, Abcam) for 1 h. The protein bands were visualized using enhanced chemiluminescence (EMD Millipore). β-actin and GAPDH were used as internal controls. The gray values were analyzed with Image J software.
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6

TGF-β Signaling Pathway Activation

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Cells were serum-starved overnight and treated with 100pM TGF-β for 60 minutes. Cells were lysed in 2× Laemmli sample buffer, and the proteins were resolved on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel. All primary antibodies (Slug #9585, p-Smad2 #3108, Smad2 #3103, p-Smad3 #9520, Smad3 #9523, p-ERK1/2 #9101, ERK1/2 #9102, p-AKT #4058, AKT #4691, p-p38 #4631, p38 #9212) were purchased from Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA, USA) except for β-actin (Sigma, AA5441) and N-cadherin (#610921) and E-cadherin (#610182) (BD Biosciences). Anti-mouse (#5470) and anti-rabbit (#5151) secondary antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling. Blots were scanned using the LI-COR Odyssey (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA).
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7

Analyzing NF-κB and Smad Signaling in Ac-HSC

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We further examined the in vitro effects of INT747 and losartan on nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) and mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad) signaling pathways in Ac‐HSC, using western blot analysis. A 50‐μg protein was resolved on 10% acrylamide sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes by semidry transfer. Membranes were blocked using 5% skim milk in Tris‐buffered saline with Tween 20 (TBST) for 1 hour at room temperature, followed by overnight incubation with 1/1,000 dilution of specific antibodies against phosphorylated (p) ‐NF‐κB (3031), NF‐κB (8242) (Bioss Inc., Woburn, MA), p‐Smad2 (3101), p‐Smad3 (9520), Smad2/3 (3102), and Smad3 (9523) (Cell Signaling Technology Inc., Beverly, MA) at 4 °C; the membranes were then washed in TBST before incubating with horseradish peroxidase‐conjugated secondary antibodies (diluted in 3% [weight per volume] bovine serum albumin in TBST; 1:1,000) for 1 hour at room temperature. After additional washing in TBST, signals were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence, and densitometric scans were quantified using Image J software (NIH).
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