6 gingerol

The oil phase of the emulsions consisted of a commercially available oil known as Miglyol® 812 N, a mixture of medium chain triglycerides (95% capric and caprylic acids, with hydrosolubility less than 0.01 g L⁻¹ at 20 °C) (Eigenmann & Veronelli S.p.A., RHO (MILAN) Italy). Acarbose from Actinoplanes sp. was obtained from Serva (Heidelberg, Germany). 6‐Gingerol, 8‐gingerol, 6‐shogaol, 6‐paradol, and 10‐gingerol were purchased from Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd (Shangai, China). All solvents, standards, enzymes, and reagents used in the present work were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich S.p.a. (Milan, Italy).

6-Gingerol (95–99% purity, determined by high-performance liquid chromatography) was purchased from Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals, Ltd. PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) and MTT reagent were purchased from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology. LPS (from Escherichia coli 026:B6) and β-actin primary antibodies (cat. no. A5441) were obtained from MilliporeSigma. Ferrostatin-1 was purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. Primary antibodies against Beclin-1 (cat. no. AB3219), LC3B (cat. no. CY5992), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2; cat. no. CY1851) and GSH peroxidase (GPX) 4 (cat. no. CY6959) were purchased from Shanghai Abways Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Primary antibodies against E-cadherin (cat. no. 3195), N-cadherin (cat. no. 13116), Vimentin (cat. no. 5741) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1; cat. no. 8193) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. Anti-rabbit IgG horseradish peroxidase HRP-linked antibody (cat. no. 7074) and anti-mouse IgG HRP-linked antibody (cat. no. 7076) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.