Phenacetin

Synthesized oligonucleotides were obtained from Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, IA).
Coumarin, phenacetin, 7-hydroxyCoumarin, and acetaminophen were obtained from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). Pooled liver microsomes of humans (75 males and 75 females), 3 male and 3 female dogs, and 3 male and 3 female minipigs were purchased from Corning Life Sciences (Woburn, MA). Liver microsomes were prepared from two tree shrews as described previously (Yamazaki et al., 2014; Uno et al., 2022a; Uno et al., 2022c) . Recombinant human CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 in bacterial membranes were prepared using the bicistronic protein expression system with human NADPH-P450 reductase as described previously (Shimada et al., 1997; Uehara et al., 2015; Uno et al., 2006; Uno et al., 2022a; Uno et al., 2022c) . All other reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich or Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals, unless otherwise specified.

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine hydrochloride (PhIP) and caffeine were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Phenacetin, coumarin, cyclophosphamide monohydrate (CPA), diclofenac sodium, piroxicam, lansoprazole, and chlorpheniramine maleate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Japan K.K. (Tokyo, Japan). BaP, coumarin, CPA, piroxicam, lansoprazole, and Phenacetin were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). PhIP, caffeine, diclofenac, and chlorpheniramine were dissolved in water for injection (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Tokushima, Japan).