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Distearoylphosphatidylcholine

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Distearoylphosphatidylcholine is a synthetic lipid compound commonly used in laboratory research. It is a form of phosphatidylcholine, a class of phospholipids found in cell membranes. Distearoylphosphatidylcholine has two stearic acid chains attached to the phosphatidylcholine backbone.

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Lab products found in correlation

Cholesterol, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Lipofectamine 3000, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Polyethyleneglycol 2000 stearate, by Avanti Polar Lipids (3 mentions) 1 2 distearoyl 3 trimethylammoniumpropane, by Avanti Polar Lipids (3 mentions) Polyoxyethylene 40 stearate, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, by Avanti Polar Lipids (3 mentions) Distearoyl phosphatidylserine, by Avanti Polar Lipids (2 mentions) Coulter multisizer 3, by Beckman Coulter (2 mentions) Clone avas 12a1, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Multisizer 3, by Beckman Coulter (2 mentions) Celltiter 96 aqueous one solution reagent, by Promega (2 mentions) Dapi fluoromount, by Southern Biotech (2 mentions) Cellrox deep red reagent, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Merck Group (2 mentions) N dodecane, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Phorbol 12 myristate 13 acetate, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Inertsil ods 3, by GL Sciences (2 mentions) Ab serum, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Polylysine, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Efavirenz, by Avantor (2 mentions)

17 protocols using distearoylphosphatidylcholine

1

Microbubble-Mediated miR-4284 Inhibitor Delivery

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The method of obtaining microbubbles was according to the protocol of a previous study (16 (link)). It was performed by sonication of 0.4 mg/ml 1,2-distearoyl-3-trimethylammoniumpropane (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc.) with 1 mg/ml polyethyleneglycol-2000 stearate (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc.), 2 mg/ml distearoylphosphatidylcholine (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc.) and perfluoropropane gas. miR-4284 inhibitor (5'-AUGGGGUAUGUGAGCCC-3') or non-targeting inhibitor-NC (5'-CAGUACUUUUGUGUAGUACAA-3') was incubated with the microbubbles for 30 min at 37˚C. According to the manufacturer's protocol, the mixtures were added to A549 and H460 cells and transfected with Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).
Tian P., Wang Y, & Du W. (2021). Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction enhances the anti-tumor action of miR-4284 inhibitor in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21(6), 551.
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2

Biotinylated Microbubble Preparation for VEGFR2 Targeting

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Laboratory-made lipid-shelled biotinylated MBs were prepared. By sonicating decafluorobutane gas (F2 Chemicals, Lancashire, UK) with a lipid micellar mixture of polyethylene glycol stearate (Stepan Kessco, Elwood, IL, USA), distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, AL, USA) and biotin-PEG3400-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (biotin-PEG-DSPE, Laysan Bio, Arab, AL, USA) in saline, biotinylated MBs were fabricated. VEGFR2-targeted MBs were prepared by conjugating biotinylated anti-mouse VEGFR2 antibody (clone Avas 12a1, eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) to the bubbles using a streptavidin linker 30 (link)–32 (link).
Zhao F., Unnikrishnan S., Herbst E.B., Klibanov A.L., Mauldin FW J.r, & Hossack J.A. (2021). A Targeted Molecular Localization Imaging Method Applied to Tumor Microvasculature. Investigative radiology, 56(4), 197-206.
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3

Targeted Microbubble Preparation for Cellular Binding

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Perfluorocarbon-filled, microbubbles with a lipid shell were prepared by sonicating an aqueous suspension of distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (2mg/ml; Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster AL, USA) and polyoxyethylene-(40)-stearate (1mg/ml; Sigma) that was gas-saturated. For targeting of microbubbles to leukocytes (MBLc), distearoyl-phosphatidylserine (0.3mg/ml; Avanti Polar Lipids) was added to the suspension before sonication [8 (link)]. For targeting of P-Selectin (MBPSel) and CD4 (MBCD4), distearoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-PEG(3400)-biotin (0.14mg/ml; Creative PEG Works) was added to the suspension. Anti-P-Selectin antibody (RB40.34) or anti-CD4 antibody (H129.19) were then conjugated to the microbubble shell using biotin-streptavidin linking as previously described [9 (link)]. Control microbubbles (MBIso) with a non-specific control antibody of the same isotype (R3-34) were also prepared. We have previously shown that these protocols result in microbubbles of similar mean sizes of 2.5 to 2.7μm [7 ].
Steinl D.C., Xu L., Ochoa-Espinosa A., Punjabi M, & Kaufmann B.A. (2019). Non-invasive contrast enhanced ultrasound molecular imaging of inflammation in autoimmune myocarditis for prediction of left ventricular fibrosis and remodeling. PLoS ONE, 14(10), e0224377.
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4

Targeted Microbubble Preparation and Conjugation

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Microbubbles were prepared in-house using previously described methods (Klibanov et al. 1999 ; Klibanov et al. 2006 ). Briefly, biotinylated MBs were formed by sonicating decafluorobutane gas (F2 Chemicals, Lancashire, UK) with a lipid micellar mixture of distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, AL, USA), polyethylene glycol stearate (Stepan Kessco, Elwood, IL, USA) and biotin-PEG3400-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DSPE, Shearwater Polymers, Huntsville, AL, USA) in normal saline. After MBs were counted using a Coulter Multisizer 3 (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA) streptavidin (Anaspec Inc, Fremont, CA, USA) was added as a linking molecule at a concentration of 3 µg/10 million microbubbles (Lindner et al. 2001 ).
MBs were divided into two groups for conjugation to two types of antibodies. The first group was conjugated to biotinylated anti-mouse vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) antibody (clone Avas 12a1, eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) (Lee et al. 2008 ; Pochon et al. 2010 ; Willmann et al. 2008c (link); Willmann et al. 2008a (link)) and the second group was conjugated to biotinylated isotype control antibody (clone R35–95, BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, USA). All MBs were conjugated within 48 hours before use. Prior to each experiment, MB concentration was measured using a Coulter Multisizer 3.
Herbst E.B., Unnikrishnan S., Klibanov A.L., Mauldin FW J.r, & Hossack J.A. (2019). Validation of normalized singular spectrum area as a classifier for molecularly targeted microbubble adherence.. Ultrasound in medicine & biology, 45(9), 2493-2501.
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5

Valsartan Lipid Nanoparticle Formulation

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Valsartan was purchased from Tecoland Corporation, (Irvine, CA, USA). Soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC), distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), hydrogenated Soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), and dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol sodium (DMPG) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA); cholesterol was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO, USA). Capmul MCM was purchased from Abitech Corporation (Janesville, WI, USA). Labrafil M 2125 was purchased from Alfa Chemicals (Binfield, Berkshire, UK). Tween 80 was purchased from EMD (Billerica, Massachussetts, USA). Avicel PH102 was purchased from FMC BioPolymers (Philadelphia, PA USA). Cell culture media were purchased from ATC Collection (Manassas, VA, USA); Transwell® plates (6-well) were purchased from Corning Life Sciences (Tewksbury, MA, USA). Cannulated Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were purchased from Harlan Laboratories (Indianapolis, IN, USA); blank rat plasma was obtained from Biomedical (Winchester, VA, USA). Hard gelatin capsules (size 1) were purchased from Capsugel Inc., Morristown, NJ, USA, and all other reagents used are of analytical grade.
Nekkanti V., Wang Z, & Betageri G.V. (2016). Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Improved Oral Bioavailability of Valsartan: Proliposomes Versus Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System. AAPS PharmSciTech, 17(4).
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6

Phospholipid Characterization with ADIFAB

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The following phospholipids were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, Alabama): Dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and Distearoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DSPC). Trans-Resveratrol (>99% purity) was obtained from TCI of America, Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS), pH 7.4 was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from honey bees, and PLA1 from Thermomyces lanuginosus were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Acrylodan-labelled Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein (ADIFAB) and ADIFAB2 were purchased from FFA Sciences, San Diego, California.
Fei Q., Kent D., Botello-Smith W.M., Nur F., Nur S., Alsamarah A., Chatterjee P., Lambros M, & Luo Y. (2018). Molecular Mechanism of Resveratrol’s Lipid Membrane Protection. Scientific Reports, 8, 1587.
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7

Microbubble-Mediated Delivery of miR-492 Inhibitor

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In the experiment, the microbubbles were obtained by ultrasonic treatment. The microbubbles were performed by sonication of 0.4 mg/ml 1,2-distearoyl-3-trimethylammoni-umpropane (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc.) with 1 mg/ml polyethyleneglycol-2000 stearate (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc.), 2 mg/ml distearoylphosphatidylcholine (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, Inc.) and perfluoropropane gas, the ultrasonic irradiation intensity was 0.5 W/cm2 and the irradiation time was 60 s. miR-492 inhibitor or inhibitor NC was incubated with the microbubbles for 30 min at 37 °C. The mixture was added to A549 and PC9 cells and transfected with Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), then ultrasound irradiation was applied with an irradiation intensity of 0.5 W/cm2.
Zou W., Wang Y., Song Q., Li Q., Ren J., Liu X, & Cui W. (2021). Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction mediated miR-492 inhibitor suppresses the tumorigenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. Annals of Medicine, 53(1), 2248-2257.
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8

Preparation of Lipid-Shelled Microbubbles

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Following Mott et al. [26 (link)], lipid-shelled MB-PS were prepared by performing a sonication of a decafluorobutane gas-saturated aqueous suspension of 2 mg/mL distearoylphosphatidylcholine, 0.3 mg/mL distearoyl phosphatidylserine (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, AL, USA), and 1 mg/mL polyoxyethylene-40-stearate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The fluorescent lipid-shelled MB-PS were prepared by adding 0.2 mg/mL tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) or 0.2 mg/mL dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) to the gas-saturated aqueous suspension described above.
Wilson R.C., Lo J.O., Romero Jimenez G., Lindner J.R., Slayden O.D, & Roberts V.H. (2023). Utilizing Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography with Phosphatidylserine Microbubbles to Detect Placental Inflammation in Rhesus Macaques. Molecules, 28(7), 2894.
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9

Cisplatin-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy

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Cisplatin (DDP) was purchased from Shandong Boyuan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Ji’nan, China). Distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), distearoyl-N-(monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)succinyl)phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE-PEG), distearoyl-N-(3-carboxy-propionoylpoly (ethyleneglycol) succinl) phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE-PEG-COOH), and 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethyl-ammoniumpropane (DOTAP) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, China. MiR-1284 was purchased from GenePharma Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Dimehyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT). All other chemicals were of analytical grade.
Wang L, & Liang T.T. (2020). CD59 receptor targeted delivery of miRNA-1284 and cisplatin-loaded liposomes for effective therapeutic efficacy against cervical cancer cells. AMB Express, 10, 54.
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10

Microbubble-Mediated Delivery of miR-492 Inhibitor

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In the experiment, the microbubbles were obtained by ultrasonic treatment. The microbubbles were performed by sonication of 0.4 mg/ml 1,2-distearoyl-3-trimethylammoni-umpropane (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc.) with 1 mg/ml polyethyleneglycol-2000 stearate (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc.), 2 mg/ml distearoylphosphatidylcholine (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, Inc.) and perfluoropropane gas, the ultrasonic irradiation intensity was 0.5 W/cm2 and the irradiation time was 60 s. miR-492 inhibitor or inhibitor NC was incubated with the microbubbles for 30 min at 37 °C. The mixture was added to A549 and PC9 cells and transfected with Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), then ultrasound irradiation was applied with an irradiation intensity of 0.5 W/cm2.
Zou W., Wang Y., Song Q., Li Q., Ren J., Liu X, & Cui W. (2021). Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction mediated miR-492 inhibitor suppresses the tumorigenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. Annals of Medicine, 53(1), 2248-2257.
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