Hs 60

The study included examination of 30 shoulders of 15 patients (6 males and 9 females; mean age, 51.3 yr; range, 24–77 yr). Informed consent was obtained from the patient. None of the patients had a history of trauma, surgery, or structural pathology in the target region. The transducer of the US (Linear probe 12–5 MHz, Samsung HS 60; Samsung Medison, Seoul, Korea) was placed transversely at the levels of the significant lines based on the data from the cadaveric dissection.

This study included the examination of ten thighs from five patients (3 males and 2 females; mean age, 53.8 years; range, 29–75 years) to confirm the structure of living individuals and verify the cadaveric observations. None of the patients had any history of trauma, surgery, or structural pathology in the target region. The patient's position was adjusted to a supine position with a slight flexion of the knee and external rotation of the leg. The US transducer (5–12 MHz Linear probe, Samsung HS 60; Samsung Medison) was placed transversely at the levels of the significant lines based on data from the cadaveric dissections. The US probe was meticulously scanned from the proximal to the distal aspect to observe the location of the femoral artery posterior to the sartorius muscle in a short-axis view. The sartorius muscle and the SN were observed as a hyperechoic structure which lies lateral to the artery and anterior to the vein. The vastus medialis muscle lies laterally to the SN, and the adductor longus and adductor magnus muscles are on its medial side. Careful attention was paid to the region where a thin membranous structure initially appeared and transitioned into a thicker structure, specifically at the point where VAM originated, as documented in the cadaver observation.

Fifty shoulders of 50 subjects (15 males, 35 females; mean age 59.2 yr [range, 20–83 yr]) were examined. Informed consent was obtained from the patients. None of the subjects had a history of trauma, surgery, or structural pathology in the target region. The transducer of the US device (Linear probe 12–5 MHz, Samsung HS 60; Samsung Medison, Seoul, Korea) was placed transversely at the levels of the defined lines A, B, and C.