Chemicals
Indium (III) chloride (InCl 3 , Sigma Aldrich),
tin chloride (SnCl 2 , Sigma Aldrich),
bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO 3 ) 3 Á 5H 2 O), vanadyl acetyl acetonate (VO(acac) 2 , Sigma Aldrich), molybdenum chloride (MoCl 5 , Sigma Aldrich),
Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, Sigma Aldrich), (3-acryloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS, 96%, Gelest),
sulforhodamine -B (Sigma Aldrich),
diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (Sigma Aldrich),
ammonium acetate (Sigma Aldrich), nitric acid (HNO 3 , VWR),
hydroquinone (99%, Sigma Aldrich), and
absolute ethanol (VWR) were used without further treatment.
Sol-gel formulation for glass 3D printing 37.65 g of TEOS was mixed with 3.15 g of APTMS and mixed with a hydrolysis solution. The hydrolysis solution consists of 7.64 g of
absolute ethanol, 2.95 g of deionized water, and 1.18 g of 1 wt% solution of HNO 3 . The mixture was stirred in a round bottom flask for 1 hour. After 1 hour, to the above mixture, a condensation solution comprising 65% ethanol in DI water (24.46 g) and TPO (1.118 g), and
ammonium acetate (0.37 g) was mixed dropwise and stirring continued for another 45 minutes. Finally, 0.04 g of
hydroquinone and 0.15 g of
sulforhodamine -B were added and the mixture was chilled in an ice bath for 5 minutes. The resulting mixed was immediately transferred to the printing bath for 3D printing.
Hegde C., Rosental T., Tan J.M.R., Magdassi S, & Wong L.H. (2023). Angle-independent solar radiation capture by 3D printed lattice structures for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. Materials horizons, 10(5).
