Spss statistics for macos version 26

Descriptive analysis was carried out. Categorical variables were presented as numbers, and continuous data were expressed as medians with interquartile ranges (IQR, with 95% CI) as a measure of variability. Due to the small sample size, the Krustal-Wallis test for non-parametric data was used to assess the difference between RFT and ABG values at different times. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for comparison between paired times. Before data analysis we tested randomness (P>0.05) and checked that all observations were independent. All analyses were performed with SPSS (IBM Corp. Released 2019. IBM SPSS Statistics for MacOs, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.)

Statistical analyses were performed using commercial software (R 3.6.2 GUI 1.70 El Capitan build, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria; IBM SPSS Statistics for MacOS, Version 26, IBM Corp., Armonk, New York). Statistical significance was determined as P < .05. Numerical continuous variables were assessed for normality by visual inspection of histogram and using the Shapiro‐Wilk test. The assumption of equal variances was tested using Levene's test. Most data were not normally distributed; therefore, for consistency, all numerical data are presented as median [25th, 75th percentile].

Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics version 26 for MacOS. All continuous variables were tested for normality with Shapiro–Wilk test. Demographic data, urine analysis, management during ED stay and outcome of the patients were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Parametric variables were reported in mean and standard deviation, while nonparametric variables were reported in median and interquartile range. Urine RGB values were obtained with and without colour correction for the five different smartphones under five different lighting conditions. Inter-rater (inter-phone) and intra-rater (intra-phone) agreements in urine RGB values were analyzed using ICC. The ICC analyses to what extent the subjects under investigation agree with each other with repeated measurements.^{28 (link)} For the urine RGB values taken with five different smartphones under five different lighting conditions to be accepted as reliable, the variances in RGB values must be sufficiently small. ICC is the true variance over total variance inclusive of both true and error variance and is calculated as: $$ICC={\displaystyle \frac{k{\sigma }_m^2-{\sigma }^2}{(k-1){\sigma }^2}}$$ where k is the data set size, ${\sigma }^2$ is the total variance and ${\sigma }_m^2$ is the variance of the means of the families.^{28 (link),29 (link)} Reliability was categorized as ‘poor’ (<0.5), ‘moderate’ (0.5–0.75), ‘good’ (0.76–0.9) and ‘exceptional’ (>0.91).^{29 (link)}