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7 protocols using α sarcomeric actin

1

Immunoblotting Techniques for Cellular Protein Analysis

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Immunoblotting was performed as previously described.25 Specific antibodies employed are as follows: LC3 (Novus Biologicals, NB100-2220); p62 (Abcam, ab56416); TRAF2 (Abcam, ab126758); COX IV (Abcam, ab14744); TOMM20 (Sigma, WH0009804M1); VDAC (Cell Signaling Technology, 4661S); PARKIN (Abcam, ab15954); FACL4 (Abcam, ab155282); calreticulin Antibody #2891; VAPB (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A302-894A); IRE1α (14C10) (Cell Signaling Technology, 3294S); GAPDH (Abcam, ab22555); TLR9 (Novus Biologicals, NBP2-24729); actin (Sigma, A2066); PINK1 (MRC PPU products and reagents, S774C [DU17570] and S086D [DU34559]); and α-sarcomeric actin (Abcam, ab52219).
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2

Immunofluorescence Staining of Cardiac Cells

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Immunofluorescence staining was performed for the detection of cardiomyocytes (α sarcomeric actin, and Dianova), macrophages (F4/80, abcam, Waltham, MA, USA), and T-lymphocytes (CD3, abcam) on paraffin-embedded LV heart tissues of the transverse cross-sections (3 µm). After heat-mediated antigen retrieval with citraconic anhydride solution, incubation with the first antibody was performed by overnight incubation at 4 °C, additional at 37 °C for 1 h, and subsequently with the appropriate secondary antibody at 37 °C for 1 h. In 15 areas at 100× magnification, positive cells were counted against all of the DAPI-positive cardiomyocytes.
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3

Protein Extraction and Analysis from Myocardial Tissue

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For protein extraction from myocardial tissue block, tissue block was weighed and treated with ice-cold lysis buffer (60 µL per mg of tissue) with protease inhibitor, followed by being homogenized with the homogenizer at low speed (30 sec each cycle with a 1-min break on ice) until complete lysis. The protein lysate was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm at 4 ℃ for 20 min, and the supernatant was collected and stored at −80 ℃ for further use.
BCA Protein Assay Kit was used in determining Protein concentration (Thermo Scientific, USA). The protein extract underwent electrophoresis using 10% SDS/PAGE gels and later transferred onto PVDF membrane (Merck Millipore, Germany). Antibodies including vimentin (Santa Cruz, USA), cardiac troponin T (cTnT, Santa Cruz, USA), connexin 43 (Cell Signaling, USA), c-Kit (Santa Cruz, USA), CD31 (Santa Cruz, USA), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, Abcam, USA), α-sarcomeric actin (Abcam, USA), rabbit anti-p38α (Santa Cruz, USA), mouse anti p-p38 (Santa Cruz, USA), GAPDH (Proteintech, USA) were all utilized for Western blot analyses. Western blot bands were quantitated by Quantity One software (BioRad, USA).
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4

Cardiomyocyte Immunofluorescence Staining

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After indicated treatment, cardiomyocytes were rinsed with PBS for 3 times and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min. Then, cells were rinsed with PBS and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 (Merck, Darmstadt, GER) for 5 min; After rinsed with PBS, cells were then stained with α-sarcomeric actin (abcam, Cambridge, UK) followed by a fluorescent secondary antibody (abcam, Cambridge, UK). Cells were visualized under a Leica fluorescence microscope and cell sizes were measured by NIH Image J (1.51e) software.
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5

Immunofluorescent Staining of Notch1 ICD and α-Sarcomeric Actin

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Immunofluorescent staining was performed as described in our previous publication [12 (link), 23 (link)]. Briefly, the paraffin-embedded heart sections (3 μm) were incubated in 1% normal donkey serum in PBS containing 0.3% Triton X-100 (1 h, 37°C). The primary antibodies to Notch1 ICD and α-sarcomeric actin (Abcam, Cambridge, UK, 1 : 50 dilution) were added and incubated with the sections overnight (4°C). Then, the paraffin-embedded heart sections were washed with PBS 3 times and incubated with Cy3-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG and FITC-conjugated donkey anti-goat IgG (Abbkine, Redlands, CA, USA). 4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) was used to stain the nuclei. The cellular distribution of Notch1 ICD and α-sarcomeric actin was observed using a confocal microscope (FV1000, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Five fields of each section were randomly chosen and photographed. The graphs were analyzed and calculated using Image-Pro Plus software (Media Cybernetics, MA, USA).
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6

Cardiomyocyte Differentiation Protocol

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Cardiomyocyte differentiation was induced using cardiomyocyte differentiation medium [CDM; 2% FBS ESQ (embryonic stem cell qualified) (Invitrogen), 1% insulin transferring selenium in IMDM: DMEM/F12; 1:1 (Sigma-Aldrich)] supplemented with 1 mM DMSO. The DMSO-supplemented CDM was changed every 2 days for 6 days. Cells were washed with PBS (Invitrogen) to remove the dead cells, and 2 ml CDM supplemented with 0.1 mM ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to the plate. The medium was changed every 2 days for the following 6 days (hereafter, the cells treated under such conditions are labeled as “DMSO-treated cells” for simplicity). After that, the cells were fixed with paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich) and immunostained with antibodies against α-sarcomeric actin (1:1,000; Abcam), cardiac troponin T (1:1,000; Abcam), or lysed for harvesting of protein and RNA. Negative control cells were treated with CEM for 12 days, with the medium changed every 2 days.
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7

Histological Analysis of Mouse Heart Post-TAC

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Mouse heart tissues were collected 4 weeks after TAC. The heart was fixed with paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and cut into slices of 4 μm thickness for histological analysis. The size and morphological alterations of the heart tissue were assessed by hematoxylin/eosin (HE) and Masson trichrome staining. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections were stained with mouse monoclonal α-sarcomeric actin (α-actin) antibody (1:75, Abcam) and Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-mouse antibody (1:200, Abcam) as secondary antibody. Cell nucleus was stained with DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich, Merck KGaA). Sections were mounted and analyzed under a confocal microscope (Zeiss, GmbH). The heart tissues collected from six mice in each group were analyzed [20 (link)].
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