Il 18

COP (purity >98%) was purchased from Shanghai Yuan Ye Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Dextra sulfate sodium was obtained from MP Biomedical (Irvine, CA, USA). Cefadroxil (purity >99%), terramycin (purity >98%) and erythromycin (purity >99%) were purchased from Dalian Meilun Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Dalian, China). Mesalazine (MSZ) was obtained from Losan Pharma GmbH, Germany. ELISA kits (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, IL-1β, TGF-β, and IFN-γ) were obtained from Shanghai Enzyme-linked Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). BCA kit and myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay kit were obtained from the Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute of Nanjing (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). Primary antibodies against p65, IκBα, p-IκBα, NLRP3, ASC, Capase-1, Caspase-1 p10, GAPDH and Histone H3 were purchased from Affinity Biosciences (OH, USA). All other reagents and chemicals were at least of analytical grade.

Methanol, acetonitrile, and formic acid were of LC–MS grade, and 2-propanol was high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade. These chemicals were all purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc (Waltham, Massachusetts, United States). The ferulic acid (MW: 194.19, LOT: MUST-17010908, purity ≥98% HPLC)，caffeic acid (MW: 180.15, LOT: MUST-17010908, purity ≥98% HPLC), calycosin (MW: 284.26, LOT: MUST-14070923, purity ≥98% HPLC), and formononetin (MW: 268.26, LOT: MUST-14091205, purity ≥98% HPLC) were provided by Chengdu Must Bio-Technology Co. Ltd., Ligustilide (MW: 284.26, LOT: wkq-00246, purity ≥98% HPLC LOT: wkq-00246) was obtained from Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. Rat SOD, MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6 and insulin ELISA Kits and ROS kit were all purchased from Shanghai Enzyme-linked Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
Danggui (the root of A. sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Place of Origin: Gansu Province, Batch number: 259200103) and Huangqi (the root of Astragalus mongholicus Bge, Place of Origin: Inner Mongolia, Batch number: 190919001) were purchased from Beijing Tong Ren Tang Nanjing Pharmacy (Han Zhong Road, Nanjing, China). After purchase, the herbs were maintained in closed, lucifugal, and dry conditions at 23 ± 2°C.