Apocynin

Hydroethidine (HEt) was purchased from Assay Biotech (Sunnyvale, CA). Newport Green, FluoZin-3 AM, MitoTracker Green, Pluronic F-127, MEM, fetal bovine serum, glutamine, and horse serum were purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY). N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), 2,2′-dithiodipyridine (DTDP), Rhodamine 123 (Rhod123), and N,N,N,N-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine (TPEN) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) was purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville, MO), apocynin obtained from Acros Organics (Morris Plains, NJ), and XF Base Medium (minimal Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium) from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA). All other chemicals and reagents were purchased from common commercial sources.

Materials for culture maintenance (Minimum Essential Media [MEM], fetal bovine serum, glutamine, and horse serum) and for imaging (Newport Green, FluoZin-3 AM, MitoTracker Green, Pluronic F-127, Fura-FF) were purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY). Other reagents for experiments (2,2’-dithiodipyridine [DTDP], Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone [FCCP], Rhodamine 123 [Rhod123], Ruthenium Red [RR], and N-methyl-D-aspartate [NMDA]) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Hydroethidine (HEt) was purchased from Assay Biotech (Sunnyvale, CA), MK-801 from Abcam, Apocynin from Acros Organics (Morris Plains, NJ), and XF Base Medium (minimal Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium) from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA). All other chemicals and reagents were purchased from common commercial sources.

Inhibitors were as follows: CinnGEL-2ME and Gö-6976 from Biomol, apocynin from Acros Organics. Inhibitors and antibody crosslinking of VCAM-1 did not affect cell viability during the time courses of these studies, consistent with our previous reports [1 (link), 24 (link), 25 (link)]. Antibodies were as follows: Rat anti-mouse VCAM-1 (clone MVCAM.A), mouse anti-human VCAM-1 (clone 51-10C9), rat anti-mouse VE-Cadherin (CD144, cat#550548), rat IgG (isotype antibody, clone R35-95), and FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit Ig (cat#554020) [PharMingen]; zenon Alexa Fluor 568-labeled (cat#Z25106, Molecular Probes) rat anti-mouse CD45 (clone I3/2.3), goat anti-mouse IgG1 (cat#1070-01) and goat anti-rat IgG (cat#3050-01) [Southern Biotech]; mouse anti-phosphotyrosine (cat#9411) [Cell Signaling Technology]; Texas Red-conjugated goat anti-rat Ig (cat#R40005) [Caltag]; rabbit anti-human ZO-1 (cat# 41090971), FITC-conjugated rabbit anti-ZO-1 (cat#bs-1329R-FITC)[Bioss], and rabbit anti-phosphoserine (cat#61-8100) [Zymed Lab, Inc]; Alexa 594-conjugated donkey anti rabbit N-Cadherin (cat#150080) [Abcam]; rabbit anti-N-Cadherin (cat#PA5-19486)[Thermo Scientific]; rabbit anti-N-terminal region of angiomotin (cat# ARP34660_P050)[Aviva Systems Biology]; HRP-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit antibody [Amersham Pharmacia]; HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG [Bio-Rad].