From this information, and the detailed and comparative assessment of the osteological traits linked to muscular attachments, a muscular reconstruction of the masticatory apparatus of Paedotherium and Tremacyllus was accomplished. Muscular maps on schemes of bones were made to illustrate origins and insertions (Fig. 3 ). In order to present clearly the muscular reconstruction and to evaluate its coherence considering the spatial distribution of the muscular masses and their inferred functions, we perform illustrations and 3D models of Paedotherium bonaerense, the pachyrukhine species considered as presenting the greater degree of sciuromorphy (Fig. 4 , Supplementary Video 1 ). Starting from the muscular maps, each muscle of the masticatory musculature was reconstructed using plasticine in a very well-preserved skull (MACN Pv 7253), and weighed in a precision balance. A 3D model of the masseteric musculature was constructed through photographs of MACN Pv 7253 using the software ReCap (version 5.0.0.30) and ReCap Photo (version 19.0.0.38) of Autodesk.
Recap photo
Manufactured by Autodesk
Sourced in United States
ReCap Photo is a 3D scanning and photogrammetry software that allows users to capture, process, and create 3D models from photographs. The software generates 3D point clouds and meshes from photo collections, enabling users to create 3D representations of physical objects and environments.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
6 protocols using recap photo
1
Masticatory Musculature Reconstruction of Paedotherium and Tremacyllus
2
Personalized Intraoperative Device Fabrication
3
3D Printed Distal Phalanx Prototype
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A clear resin was used as the material dummy distal phalanx. First, we scanned the distal phalanx of a normal thumb and index finger and developed a skeletal model by using a 3D scanning software (ReCap Photo, Autodesk Inc., US). The scanned 3D data was modified with a CAD software (Fusion360, Autodesk Inc., US) to create four types of distal phalanxes. A groove for inserting the nail was provided on the back side of the distal phalanx, and a base was provided on the bottom. A shaft for attaching an artificial finger to a dedicated hand was provided on the proximal surface of the base. Finally, we printed the completed 3D model using an optical 3D printer (Form2, Formlabs Inc., US).
4
Photographing Autopsy Subjects Using DSLR
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Photographs were taken using Canon EOS 600D (18 megapixels) with EF-S 18–55 mm kit lens. Camera setup included aperture priority (AV) f stops set approximately 18 to 22 with ISO between 1600 and 3200 and white balance adjusted to the room light temperature. Natural window light and light fixtures above the autopsy table were able to illuminate the entire surface of the body. Photographs were taken handheld from different points of view and with an overlap area of about 60–70%. Three sets of pictures were taken of each object: one round from a low perspective, one round at approximately 45°, and one from above. Images were transferred to a computer, and the blurred and out of focus images were erased. The remaining image sets were processed with Autodesk ReCap Photo (AutoDesk Inc., USA). The models are shown as Supplementary videos.
5
Photogrammetry-based Digital Modelling Protocol
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The obtained models were subjected to a digital modelling procedure using photogrammetry techniques. This method uses serial photos of the physical model to transform it into a virtual model. For this purpose, a Sony Alpha DSLR-A300 (Sony Corp., Tokyo, Japan) camera was used with a Sony 3.5-5.6/18-70 lens (Sony Corp.), and 50 continuous photos were taken of each model. Next, the photos were imported into Autodesk ReCap Photo (Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, USA), transformed into a virtual model, and then scaled. In addition, digital processing and manual RVOT measurements were made (Fig. 2).
6
Photogrammetric 3D Scanning of Cadaveric Head
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The cadaveric study committee and the institutional review board of the Yonsei University of Medicine approved this study. One adult cadaver head provided by the Surgical Anatomy Education Center of Yonsei University College of Medicine was used.
The preparation method for the specimen has been described previously. 7, (link)8 The cadaver head was dissected and photographed layer by layer (Fig. 1). First, the calvaria was extracted by craniotomy. Then, the dura mater was removed, cerebral hemisphere was taken out, tentorium was resected, brainstem was removed, the wall of the cavernous sinus was peeled out, anterior clinoidectomy was performed on the right side, and finally, anterior and posterior petrosectomy were performed on the right side. In every step a photogrammetric 3D scan was performed. We have described the detailed method of photogrammetric 3D scanning of anatomical specimens elsewhere (our unpublished data, 2021). Briefly, more than 100 photographs in the one model are taken from as many different angles as possible so that there are no blind spots remaining. The photographs are imported to a photogrammetry software, Autodesk Recap Photo (Autodesk, Inc.), which is available free of cost for educational purposes (Fig. 2). The reconstructed 3D models are then trimmed and exported as.fbx files.
The preparation method for the specimen has been described previously. 7, (link)8 The cadaver head was dissected and photographed layer by layer (Fig. 1). First, the calvaria was extracted by craniotomy. Then, the dura mater was removed, cerebral hemisphere was taken out, tentorium was resected, brainstem was removed, the wall of the cavernous sinus was peeled out, anterior clinoidectomy was performed on the right side, and finally, anterior and posterior petrosectomy were performed on the right side. In every step a photogrammetric 3D scan was performed. We have described the detailed method of photogrammetric 3D scanning of anatomical specimens elsewhere (our unpublished data, 2021). Briefly, more than 100 photographs in the one model are taken from as many different angles as possible so that there are no blind spots remaining. The photographs are imported to a photogrammetry software, Autodesk Recap Photo (Autodesk, Inc.), which is available free of cost for educational purposes (Fig. 2). The reconstructed 3D models are then trimmed and exported as.fbx files.
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