Thp 1 cells atcc tib 202

Graphite powder was purchased from Graphene Supermarket (Ronkonkoma, NY, United States). Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), potassium permanganate (K₂MnO₄), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and hydrogen peroxide were purchased from PanReac AppliChem (Chicago, IL, United States). 3-[(2-amino ethyl) dithio] propionic acid·HCl (AEDP), NH₂-PEG₁₂-Propionic acid (PEG), N-[3-(dimethylamino)-propyl]-N′-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-hydroxy-sulfosuccinimide (NHS), dimethyl-formamide (DMF), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), Rhodamine B, Propidium iodide, and Triton X-100 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). Buforin II (BUF-II: TRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRK) was synthesized by GL Biochem (Shanghai, China). High-glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) was purchased from Gibco (Amarillo, TX, United States). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from BioWest (Riverside, MO, United States). Lysotracker Green DND-26 and Hoechst 33,342 were purchased from Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA, United States). Vero cells (ATCC^® CCL-81) and THP-1 cells (ATCC^® TIB-202) were used for the cytotoxicity and cell internalization assays.

Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) (98%), methanol, ammonia solution (30%–32%), tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) (25%), (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) (98%), glutaraldehyde (25%), amine-PEG₁₂-propionic acid, N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) (98%), N-[3-dimethylammino)-propyl]-N′-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) (98%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Fullerene C₆₀, Tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide (TBAH) (40% in water), toluene, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), glacial acetic acid, 2-propanol, diethyl ether, and hexane were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, United States). Buforin II (BUF-II-TRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRK) was purchased from GL Biochem Shanghai (Shanghai, China). Vero Cells (ATCC^® CCL-81) and THP-1 Cells (ATCC^® TIB-202) were used for delivery assays. MTT (3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide), DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride), and Lysotracker Green DND-26 was purchased from Thermo Scientific (MA, United States). Dulbecco’s modification of Eagle medium (DMEM), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Biowest (MO, United States).

C. difficile VPI10463 (ATCC 43,255), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25,922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25,923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29,212), Candida albicans (ATCC 90,028), and THP-1 cells (ATCC TIB-202) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The non-toxigenic strain NTCD was isolated clinically and identified as negative for toxin genes, such as tcdA, tcdB, cdtA, and cdtB, previously in our laboratory.^{53 (link)} THP-1 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, USA) and 50 mg/L penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, USA). C. difficile strains were cultured in brain heart infusion (Oxoid Ltd., USA) broth supplemented with 5 g/L yeast extract (Oxoid Ltd.), 0.1% L-cysteine (Sangon Biotech, China), and 0.1% sodium taurocholate (Sangon Biotech, China) for 48 hours at 37°C anaerobically. The other bacterial strains and C. albicans were cultured in Luria-Bertani (Sangon Biotech, China) and yeast peptone dextrose broth (Sangon Biotech, China), respectively, for 24 hours aerobically. The liquid culture was centrifuged at 1500 g for 5 minutes, and the pellet was washed twice with sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The inoculum was adjusted to approximately 5 × 10^{6 (link)} Colony Forming Units (CFU)/ml.