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10 protocols using 70 microscope

1

Live Imaging of Meiotic Divisions

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At 24 h post L4, hermaphrodites were dissected to release embryos in a drop of 60% v/v Leibowitz-15 media, 20% fetal bovine serum, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.4, and 5 mg/ml Inulin. Embryos were mounted as described in ref. 59 (link) and imaged with a Delta vision system equipped with Olympus 1× 70 microscope. Images of the meiotic divisions were acquired as series of 1 μM-spaced Z-stacks (9–12 section) with a regular time lapse of 5 s intervals using a 60× lens. Videos of these time series were created using SoftWorx 3.0.
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2

Acridine Orange Staining for Cell Death

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50,000 cells were seeded in 6-well plates, permitted to adhere overnight and exposed to radiation the following day. At the various time points, medium was removed and cells washed once with 1X PBS. The acridine orange solution was made up in 1X PBS to a final concentration of 100ng/ml in the dark and protected from light until ready for use. For flow cytometry, 10 µL of acridine orange solution was added to each sample and allowed to incubate for 15 min. Dye-containing medium then was aspired, plates were washed with 1X PBS and fresh medium was added. Photographs were taken with an Olympus 1× 70 microscope and an Olympus SC 35 camera.
The cell population positively stained with acridine orange was quantified by flow cytometry. Treated cells were trypsinized, collected, and centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 min. Supernatant was removed and pellets were resuspended in 990 µL of 1X PBS. The cell suspension was filtered through a standard flow cytometry 40 micron filter (BD Falcon). The acridine orange solution was made up in 1X PBS to a final concentration of 100ng/ml in the dark and protected from light until ready for use. For flow cytometry, 10 µL of acridine orange solution was added to each sample and allowed to mix for 15 min. Acridine orange is excited at a wavelength of 525 nM for green flourescence and 620 nM for red fluorescence.
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3

Immunostaining of C. elegans Germlines

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Germlines from 18 to 24 h post L4 hermaphrodites were dissected, fixed, and processed for immunostaining as described in ref. 58 (link). Briefly, germlines were dissected in EGG buffer (118 mM NaCl, 48 mM KCl2, 2 mM CaCl2, 2 mM MgCl2, 5 mM HEPES) containing 0.1% Tween and immediately fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde for 5 min. Slides were frozen in liquid nitrogen, then immersed for at least 1 min in methanol at –20 °C and transferred to PBST (1× phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 0.1% Tween). Blocking in 0.5% bovine serum albumin in PBST was carried out for 1 h. Primary antibodies were incubated overnight at room temperature, slides were then washed 3 times for 5 min in PBST and secondary antibodies were added and incubated for 2 h at room temperature. Following 2 washes in PBST, the slides were counterstained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and mounted using Vectashield. All images from immunostaining experiments were acquired with a Delta Vision system (Applied Precision) equipped with an Olympus 1× 70 microscope using a 100× lens. Images were subjected to deconvolution analysis using SoftWoRx 3.0 (Applied Precision) and images were mounted in Photoshop.
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4

Immunofluorescence Staining of C. elegans Germlines

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Germlines from 18 to 24 h post L4 worms were dissected in EGG buffer (118 mM NaCl, 48 mM KCl2, 2 mM CaCl2, 2 mM MgCl2, 5 mM HEPES) containing 0.1% Tween and then fixed in the same buffer containing 1% paraformaldehyde for 5 min. Slides were immersed in liquid nitrogen before removing the coverslip and then placed in methanol at −20 °C for 5 min. Slides were then washed three times for 10 min each in PBST (1x PBS, 0.1% Tween) and then blocked in PBST containing 0.5% BSA for 1 h. Slides were then incubated with primary antibodies diluted in PBST overnight at room temperature. Following three washes of 10 min each in PBST, slides were incubated in the dark at room temperature for 2 h with secondary antibodies diluted in PBST. All secondary antibodies were conjugated to Alexa-488, Alexa-555 or Alexa-647 (Life Technologies) and used at 1:500. Following three washes with PBST, slides were counterstained with DAPI, washed for 1 h in PBST and mounted using Vectashield (Vector). Unless otherwise indicated, all images were acquired as three-dimensional stacks on a Delta Vision system equipped with an Olympus 1 × 70 microscope using a ×100 lens. Images were subjected to deconvolution analysis using SoftWoRx 3.0 (Applied Precision) and images were mounted in Photoshop.
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5

Quantifying Oocyte Nuclei via DAPI

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Worms were dissected and stained with DAPI as described in the immunostaining protocol and the number of DAPI-stained bodies present in the −1 oocyte was scored. All images were acquired using a Delta Vision Deconvolution system equipped with an Olympus 1× 70 microscope.
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6

Recombinant Insulin Glucose Uptake

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Insulin Human Recombinant, D-glucose, Pioglitazone, ile-pro-ile, acarbose tricaine methanesulfonate and sea salts were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Glimepiride was purchased from Cayman Chemical Co. (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Fluorescence microscopy was performed using an Olympus 1 × 70 microscope (Tokyo, Japan). For image analysis, Focus Lite (Focus Co, Gwangmyeong-si, Korea) and Image J (V 1.50i, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) were used.
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7

Mammosphere Formation Assay in TNBC

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Human SUM159 TNBC cells were exposed to base media, tnLCM or tbLCM for 72 h. Cells were then trypsinized and 1000 viable cells were resuspended in mammosphere media containing DMEM: F12, 5 µg/ml insulin, 20ng/ml EGF, 0.04% BSA, 1X B27, 10ng/ml bFGF and seeded onto a 96-well ultra-low attachment plates. Samples were monitored for sphere formation over a period of 21 days. Spheres were imaged and counted using Olympus 1 × 70 microscope. Sphere formation efficiency was calculated by dividing total number for spheres formed in each well by the number of cells seeded x 100.
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8

Ginseng Extract Effects on Zebrafish Glucose Uptake

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Alloxan monohydrate, sea salt, tricaine methanesulfonate, and tert-butanol were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino)-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) and YO-PRO were purchased from Invitrogen (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA). An Olympus 1 × 70 microscope was used for fluorescence microscopy (Olympus, Japan). Focus Lite (Focus Co, Daejeon, Korea) and Image J software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) were used for image analyses. Red ginseng extract was obtained from the Korea Ginseng Corporation (Taejon, Korea). The Korean Red Ginseng extract used in this study (crude saponin 70 mg/g, solid component 60%, or more) contained Rb1 (0.46%), Rb2 (0.23%), Rc (0.28%), Rd (0.09%), Re (0.12%), Rf (0.10%), Rg1 (0.07%), Rg2 (0.14%), Rg3 (0.12%), Rh1 (0.10%), and other minor ginsenosides.
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9

Polar Body Counting in Worm Embryos

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Worms were dissected to release embryos, and then fixed and stained with DAPI as described in the immunostaining protocol. Polar bodies were counted in one- and two-cell stage embryos using a Delta Vision system equipped with an Olympus 1× 70 microscope.
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10

Capillary-like Structure Formation in HUVEC Cells

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The ability of HUVEC cells, cultured in conditioned medium (RPMI) from HEY cells with or without MAC, to form capillary-like structure formation has been assessed on cells cultured on Cultrex (basal membrane extract; Trevigen, MD, USA). Images were analyzed with ImageJ v.1.34s (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/) for determining the length of the tubes and the number of intersections. Representative images were captured with Olympus 1×70 microscope at 20x magnification and two fields were considered for quantification.
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