Matα1

α-³²P dCTP (6,000 Ci/mmol) was purchased from PerkinElmer (Boston, MA). Antibodies used for Western, ChIP, Seq-ChIP, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to PHB1, MATα1, c-MYC, MAFG, c-MAF, β-ACTIN, and IgG were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). Lipofectamine 2000 and RNAi-Max were purchased from ThermoFisher (Carlsbad, CA). siRNAs to PHB1 (Cat# 4392422), c-MYC (5′-CGAUUCCUUCUAACAGAAtt-3′), MAFG (5′-CGGACUAGAGAGAGUUGCGtt-3′), c-MAF (5′-GCAUCGUGUACUUACCAGUtt-3′) and MAT1A (5′-GCACAACGAAGACAUCACGtt-3′) were purchased from ThermoFisher. Bile acids and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were from Sigma (St. Louis, MS).

γ-³²P ATP (3,000 Ci/mmol) and α-³²P dCTP (6,000 Ci/mmol) were purchased from PerkinElmer (Boston, MA). Antibodies used for either Western and/or immunohistochemistry to MATα1, c-Myc, MafG, c-Maf, β-actin and IgG were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). Lipofectamine 2000 and RNAi-max were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). siRNAs to c-Myc (5’-CGAUUCCUUCUAACAGAAtt-3’), MafG (5’-CGGACUAGAGAGAGUUGCGtt-3’), c-Maf (5’-GCAUCGUGUACUUACCAGUtt-3’) and MAT1A (5’-GCACAACGAAGACAUCACGtt-3’) were purchased from Ambion (Grand Island, NY). DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 3-Deazaneplanocin A hydrochloride was purchased from TOCRIS (Bristol, UK).

Formalin-fixed liver and CCA tissues embedded in paraffin were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for routine histology. Immunohistochemical staining of Matα1, c-Myc, MafG, c-Maf and IgG (Abcam, Cambridge, MA) was performed with Dako kit (Carpinteria, CA) or Abcam according to the manufacturer’s method. For quantifying immunohistochemical staining, a total of five fields at 100× magnification were randomly selected (minimum of 1000 cells total) and positive nuclei or cells were counted and expressed as a percentage of the total using the MetaMorph imaging software (Woburn, MA). Control with normal mouse IgG showed no staining.