K lactobionate

Pharmaceutical-grade glucose, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sodium chloride, and bovine serum albumin were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). (–)-Epicatechin was procured from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Western blotting gels were from Bio-Rad, and PVDF membranes were from Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA). Ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), sodium pyrophosphate, sodium orthovanadate, sodium fluoride, okadaic acid, 1% protease inhibitor cocktail, dithiothreitol, magnesium chloride, k-lactobionate, taurine, potassium phosphate, HEPES, digitonin, pyruvate, malic acid, glutamic acid, adenosine diphosphate, succinic acid, oligomycin, carbonyl cyanide 4 (trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP), phenylephrine, acetylcholine, trypsin inhibitor, and cytochrome c were all procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

The reagents used in this study were adenosine diphosphate (ADP) sodium salt, antimycin A, bovine serum albumin (BSA), fatty acid (FA)-free BSA, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), D-mannitol, eosin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (EDTA), ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), hematoxylin, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), K-lactobionate, magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate-reduced (NADPH), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP⁺), oligomycin, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), rotenone, safranin O, Sirius red, sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium glutamate, sodium malate, sodium phosphate monobasic (NaH₂PO₄), sodium pyruvate, sodium succinate dibasic, sucrose, taurine, and tris hydrochloride (Tris-HCl), which were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium pentobarbital (PISABENTAL^®, Mexico City, Mexico), used as a sedative and anesthetic, was purchased from Proveedora Veterinaria Kan S. A. de C. V. (Mexico City, Mexico).