Ferulic acid

Standard compounds of albiflorin, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, senkyunolide I, quercetin, isoliquiritigenin, atractylenolide III, ligustilide, atractylenolide II, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, saikosaponin c, glycyrrhizic acid, saikosaponin a and naringenin as an internal standard (IS) (≥98% purity) were purchased from Chengdu Herbpurify Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). The structures of these compounds are shown in Figure 3.
Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) was purchased from Fisher (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). Ultrapure water with a sensitivity of 18.2 W was prepared from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). All other chemicals were analytical grade.

Ferulic acid (HPLC = 99.91%) was purchased from Chengdu Herbpurify Co. Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, O55:B5; L2880) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (L2880). Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide was reconstituted by sterile saline to 100 μg/mL. Total reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay kit was purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific Company (Waltham, MA, USA). RNAiso Plus, PrimeScript^TM RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser as well as TB Green^TM Premix Ex Taq^TM II were purchased from TaKaRa Bio Inc. (Shiga, Japan). Chicken-specific ELISA assay kits for total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China).

Methanol, formic acid, and acetonitrile of MS grade were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (United States), and laboratory-deionized water generated by a Milli-Q system (United States) was used in all experiments.
YLTZC (Batch No. 20211101) was provided by Guangdong Efong Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Foshan, China). Reference substances including vicenin-2, luteolin, naringenin, isomeranzin, ferulic acid and pinocembrin were all purchased from Chengdu Herbpurify Co., Ltd (Chengdu, China). Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, rutin, naringin, ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, limonin, and chrysin were all purchased from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). Triton WR-1339 was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Lot#MKCC6730; Shanghai, China).