Amlodipine

d‐Glucose (d‐glu) was purchased from Wako (Osaka, Japan), and l‐glucose (l‐glu), used for the adjustment of osmolality, was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). 2‐Deoxy‐d‐glu, d‐sorbitol, d‐fructose, and 3‐O‐methyl‐d‐glu were purchased from Sigma. Olmesartan (olmesartan medoxomil) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (North York, Canada). Losartan (losartan potassium) was purchased from LKT Laboratories (St. Paul, MN, USA). Valsartan was purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Candesartan (trityl candesartan cilexetil) was purchased from Sequoia Research Products (Pangbourne, UK). Nifedipine and efonidipine (efonidipine hydrochloride monoethanolate) were purchased from Sigma. Amlodipine was purchased from Cayman Chemical. Benidipine (benidipine hydrochloride) was kindly provided by Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma (Tokyo, Japan). Human AII was purchased from Sigma.

All reagents used in the experiments were purchased from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI, USA): leukotriene D4 (LTD4) (Cat# 20310), REV 5901 (Cat# 70600), calphostin-C (Cat# 15383), REV 5901 (Cat# 70600), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (Cat# 10008014), BAPTA-AM (Cat# 15551), Amlodipine (Cat#14838). All reagents were dissolved in DMSO except LTD4, which was dissolved in ethanol to make the stock solutions. The final working concentration of the solutions contained less than 0.5% (v/v) of DMSO or ethanol. The toxicity of all the drugs was assessed, and the safest dose was used for further experiments (Figure S1).