Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (mtt)

The cells in logarithmic phase were collected and the concentration of the cell suspension was adjusted. The cells were inoculated into 96-well plates at a density of 5 × 10 3 cells per well, allocating 180 µL to each well. We set up three replicate wells for each subgroup. The cells were cultured overnight in a 37 °C, 5% CO 2 incubator to facilitate cell adhesion to the well walls. Following this, the culture plate was removed and added 20 µL MTT (5 mg/mL, batch number: C1736, Bioswamp, Wuhan, China) to each well, continuing the culture for an additional 4 hours. After removing the culture medium, 150 µL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (batch number: D2650, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added to each well, shaking at a low speed for 10 minutes. Lastly, the optical density (OD) value was measured at a wavelength of 490 nm, using an enzyme labeling instrument (batch number: AMR-100, Allsheng, Hangzhou, China).