Cholic acid

EBN was purchased from Blossom View Sdn. Bhd (Terrengganu, Malaysia) while simvastatin was purchased from Hangzhou MSD Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Hangzhou, China). Standard rat pellets were purchased from Specialty Feeds (Glen Forrest, WA, USA), cholesterol was purchased from Amresco (Solon, OH, USA), cholic acid was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA), and palm oil was purchased from Yee Lee Edible Oils Sdn. Bhd. (Perak, Malaysia). Analytical grade ethanol was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), while RCL2 solution was purchased from ALPHELYS (Toulouse, France). Lipid profile kits were purchased from Randox Laboratories Ltd. (Crumlin, County Antrim, UK), while an oxLDL ELISA kit was purchased from Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Wuhan, China). An RNA extraction kit was purchased from RBC Bioscience Corp. (Taipei, Taiwan), and a GenomeLab™ GeXP Start Kit was purchased from Beckman Coulter Inc (Miami, FL, USA).

Neu5Ac (>98% purity and stable at room temperature) was purchased from Carbosynth Limited (Compton, Berkshire, UK) while simvastatin was purchased from Pfizer (New York, NY). Cholesterol was purchased from Amresco (Solon, OH) while cholic acid was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Lipid profile kits were purchased from Randox Laboratories Limited (Crumlin, County Antrim, UK). ELISA kits [Leptin, oxLDL, vWF (von Willebrand factor), prostacyclin, and thromboxane] were purchased from Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Wuhan, China) while adiponectin was purchased from Millipore (Billerica, MA). RNA extraction kit was purchased from Bioscience Corp. (Taipei, Taiwan) while GenomeLab™ GeXP Start Kit was purchased from Beckman Coulter, Inc. (Miami, FL). RCL2 solution was purchased from Alphelys (Toulouse, France). Palm oil was purchased from Yee Lee Edible oils Sdn. Bhd. (Perak, Malaysia) while standard rat pellet was purchased from Specialty Feeds (Glen Forrest, WA).