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8 protocols using integrin α6

1

Characterization of Pluripotent Stem Cell Markers

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At the end of the differentiation period, the cells of each group were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min. Then, the cells were washed with 3x PBS. Next, the cells were blocked with 10% bovine serum albumin (BSA)-PBS at 37°C for 30 min and specific antigen (1:200 anti-Nanog, 1:200 anti-SSEA-1, 1:200 anti-Cvh, 1:250 anti-C-kit, 1:200 integrin α6, and 1:200 integrin β1; Millipore, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA) for one night at -4°C. Following a wash with 3x Phosphate Buffered Saline Tween (PBST), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)- or PE-labeled goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin M (Bioss, China) was added and the incubation was continued at 37°C for 2 hours. The cells were then incubated with DAPI staining solution for 3 min at 37°C. After washing again with PBST, cells were observed under an inverted fluorescence microscope.
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2

Visualizing Extracellular Matrix Structure

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The Click-iT® EdU Alexa Fluor® 488 Imaging Kit and Alexa Fluor® 594 phalloidin were from Invitrogen. Matrigel (lrECM) and Type I collagen were from BD Bioscience. ShP4HA2 plasmids were purchased from Sigma. 1, 4-DPCA was purchased from Cayman Chemical. Masson’s trichrome stain kit was purchased from Polysciences, Inc. The following antibodies were obtained as indicated: integrin α6 (Millipore); collagen I (Abcam); collagen IV (Abcam); P4HA2 (Santa Cruz); tubulin (Millipore).
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3

Visualizing brain angiogenesis in GBM

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Human GBM and normal brain tissue samples were snap frozen. Intracranial xenografts were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, incubated overnight in 30% sucrose and embedded in OCT. Samples were sectioned at a thickness of 10µm. Blood vessels were visualized by Von Willebrand Factor (Abcam) staining. Sections were additionally stained for CD36 (Novus), integrin α6 (Millipore), CD133 (Miltenyi), and/or Iba1 (Wako). Age-matched wild-type and CD36 knockout mouse brains were prepared in a similar manner as described above and stained with antibodies against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (Abcam) and phospho histone H3 (Millipore). Analysis between wild-type and CD36 knockout mice was done based on 3 different anatomical regions from 3 separate mice. For all immunofluorescence analysis, nuclei were counterstained using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Dapi) and images were taken using a Leica SP-5 confocal microscope as previously described [27 (link)].
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4

Stem Cell Differentiation Protocols

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Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA, U.S.A.). Human stem cell factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, retinoic acid (RA), and murine leukemia inhibitory factor were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, U.S.A.). TRNzol, FastQuant-RT kit, and SuperReal premix color kit were obtained from TIANGEN (Beijing, China). Fugen was from Promega (Madison, WI, U.S.A.). Antibodies specific to the following proteins were integrinα6 (Millipore, temecula, CA, U.S.A.; dilution ratio 1:100), integrin β1 (Millipore, temecula, CA, U.S.A.; no. MAB1378; dilution ratio 1:100), goat anti-Rat IgG (Proteintech, Chicago, Illinois U.S.A.; no. SA00003-11; [FITC] labeled; dilution ratio, 1:100), and goat anti-rabbit IgG (Proteintech, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.; no. SA00008-9; [PE] labeled; dilution ratio, 1:100).
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5

Antibodies for Immunoblot and Immunocytochemistry

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Antibodies for immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry: GAPDH (Invitrogen, #437000), HIF1-α (Cell Signaling Technology, #14179S), HIF2-α (Abcam, #ab207607), Fibronectin (IB) (Abcam, #ab23750), Fibronectin (ICC) (SCBT, #IST-9), β-Actin (Invitrogen, #MA1–140), Vinculin (Abcam, #129002), Integrin-α6 (Millipore Sigma #MABT356), Integrin-α5 (Abcam, #ab150361), Integrin-β1 (Cell Signaling Technology, #96996) Alexa Fluor 568 (Invitrogen #A10037) and Alexa Fluor 488 (Invitrogen, #A11001). For flowcytometry, Active Integrin-β1 clone HUTS-4 (Millipore Sigma, #MAB2079Z) was used. Matrigel was purchased from Corning. Protein concentration in lots used varied between 10–11.2 mg/ml with an endotoxin level of <1.5.
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6

Antibody panel for cell analysis

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Antibodies for immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry: GAPDH (#437000; Invitrogen), HIF1‐α (#14179S; Cell Signaling Technology), HIF2‐α (#ab207607; Abcam), FN (IB) (#ab23750; Abcam), FN (ICC) (#IST‐9; SCBT), β‐actin (#MA1‐140; Invitrogen), Vinculin (#129002; Abcam), Integrin‐α6 (#MABT356; Millipore Sigma), Integrin‐α5 (#ab150361; Abcam), Integrin‐β1 (#96996; Cell Signaling Technology) Alexa Fluor 568 (#A10037; Invitrogen), and Alexa Fluor 488 (#A11001; Invitrogen). For flowcytometry, Active Integrin‐β1 clone HUTS‐4 (#MAB2079Z; Millipore Sigma) was used. Matrigel™ was purchased from Corning. Protein concentration in lots used varied between 10 and 11.2 mg/ml with an endotoxin level of less than 1.5.
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7

Tracking EV Uptake in GECs and Podocytes

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We cultured GECs and podocytes on six-well plates or chamber slides (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). We incubated cells with PKH26-labelled EVs for 1 h, and then cells seeded on chamber slides were fixed with paraformaldehyde (Sigma Aldrich), nuclei were counterstained in blue by 2.5 μg/mL Hoechst (Sigma Aldrich), evaluated by confocal microscopy (Zeiss LSM 5 PASCAL, Jena, Germany). Cells cultured on six-well plates were detached by EDTA (Sigma) and analyzed by FACS (FACS Calibur, Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). In selected experiments, PKH26-labelled EVs were pre-incubated with 1 μg/mL of different antibodies directed to block the binding to αVβ-3 integrin (Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA), α4-integrin, α6-integrin (Chemicon, Temecula, CA), CD29 or L-selectin (Becton Dickinson).
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8

Internalization of EVs by GECs and Podocytes

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We cultured GECs and podocytes on 6-well plates or chamber slides (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). We incubated cells with PKH26-labelled EVs for 1 h on cells seeded on chamber slides were fixed with paraformaldehyde (Sigma Aldrich), nuclei were counterstained in blue by 2.5 μg/mL Hoechst (Sigma Aldrich), evaluated by confocal microscopy (Zeiss LSM 5 PASCAL, Jena, Germany). Cells cultured on 6-well plates were detached by EDTA (Sigma) and analyzed by FACS (FACS Calibur, Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). In selected experiments, PKH26-labelled EVs were pre-incubated with 1 μg/mL of different antibodies directed to block the binding to αVβ3integrin (Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA), α4-integrin, α6-integrin (Chemicon, Temecula, CA), CD29 or L-selectin (Becton Dickinson).
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