L glutamine solution

Peptone from bovine meat, enzymatically digested (Cat. No: 70175, Sigma-Aldrich, Madrid, Spain), was used as a treatment and protease inhibitors were used in the media in the enterohormone secretion studies. The specific inhibitors and their working concentrations were: 10 µM amastatin (Enzo Life Sciences, Madrid, Spain), 100 KIU aprotinin (Sigma, Madrid, Spain), and 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) fatty acid free. For cell culture experiments, DMEM (with 4.5 g L⁻¹ glucose), L glutamine solution (200 mmol L⁻¹ in 0.85% NaCl), penicillin-streptomycin mixture (10,000 U mL⁻¹), and trypsin–EDTA solution (500 mg L⁻¹ trypsin and 200 mg L⁻¹ EDTA in Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution) were purchased from Lonza Verviers SPRL (Verviers, Belgium). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was provided by Sigma–Aldrich Chemie (Steinheim, Germany). RPMI 1640 medium and HEPES buffer solution (1 mol L⁻¹) were from GIBCO (New York, NY, USA). Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) was provided by Quimigrancel (Barcelona, Spain). Different primary and secondary antibodies, listed in Supplementary Table S1, were used for Western Blot and immunofluorescence.

2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)-dihydrochloride (ABAP), [2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)]-diammonium salt (ABTS), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), dimethylacetamide (DMAC), proanthocyanidin A2-type (PAC-A2), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), gallic acid (GA), potassium chloride (KCl), sodium acetate (NaCH₃COO), potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-S-triazine (TPTZ), and iron chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃ x 6H₂O), were purchased from VWR International (Radnor, PA, USA). Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 cell-culture medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 200 mM L-glutamine solution, 170,000 U/L trypsin solution supplemented with 0.2 g/L of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 10 mg/mL penicillin/streptomycin solution were purchased from Lonza (Verviers, Belgium). All other employed materials and solvents were of analytical grade unless otherwise indicated, and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Commercially available fluoropolymer blend (Surface Energy 15 mN/m) solution of a fluorosilane polymer (0.1 wt.%), carried in a hydrofluoroether solvent of methoxy-nonafluorobutane (low (320) global warming potential * and zero ozone depletion potential **) was used as received. Fumed silica (EVONIK HDK H15) was purchased from Degussa (Hannover, Germany) with primary particles about 5–30 nanometers in size.
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), L-glutamine solution (200 mM), penicillin–streptomycin solution (10,000 U/mL penicillin and 10 mg/mL streptomycin), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), d trypsin–EDTA solution (170,000 U/L trypsin and 0.2 g/L EDTA) and Seakem LE Agarose were purchased from Lonza (Verviers, Belgium). The 75 cm² flasks and 24-well cell culture plates were obtained from TPP (Trasadingen, Switzerland). All other reagents were of analytical grade.