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6 protocols using hydrogen peroxide

1

Acriflavine Reaction Kinetics Analysis

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Acriflavine, Scheme 1, and l-cysteine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany. Sodium chloride, NaCl, (BDH, United Kingdom, UK) was used to keep the reaction’s ionic strength constant. Calcium chloride, CaCl2, (BDH, UK) and sodium sulphate, Na2SO4, (May and Baker, Nigeria) were used to ascertain the effect of additives (added ion) on the reaction rate. Hydrochloric acid, HCl, (BDH, UK) was used to study the effect of [H+] on the rate of reaction. Acetone (May and Baker, Nigeria) was used to investigate the effect of solvent polarity (dielectric constant) on the reaction mixture. Hydrogen peroxide (BDH, UK) was used as part of the product analysis. Acrylamide with methanol (May and Baker, Nigeria) was used to check the participation of unstable atoms in the reaction. Kinetic investigations were performed with a SHERWOOD Colorimeter Model 254 and a Grant JB1 thermostated water bath was used to maintain the temperature. UV/Visible spectrophotometer (Double Beam Cary 300 Series UV–Vis Spectrophotometer, Agilent Technologies, USA) and FTIR (FTIR-8400S Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer, Shimadzu, Double Beam) were used for characterisation of acriflavine and reaction products.

The structure of acriflavine (AF)

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2

Biomarker Assessment Protocol

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All reagents used in the study were of analytical grade and obtained from various sources. Ethanol, n-hexane, and ethylacetate were from Fisher Scientific U.K, Merck KGaA, Germany, and Guandang Guanghan Chemical, China, respectively. D-fructose was from Mumbai, India, HCl was from Mumbai, India, and disodium hydrogen phosphate and monosodium dihydrogen phosphate were from Guandong, China. Other reagents, such as sodium citrate, trichloroacetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, aluminum chloride, and sodium nitrite, were all bought from BDH laboratories in Poole, UK. Diagnostic kits for plasma urea, plasma creatinine, and lipid profile were purchased from Randox Laboratories Ltd., UK. Diagnostic kits for CK-MB and LDH were purchased from Biorex diagnostics UK.
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of Gold and Silver Nanostructures

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Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate trihydrate (HAuCl4 · 3H2O, >99% purity; CAS. no. 16961) and L(+)–ascorbic acid (>99% purity; CAS. no. 36237) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Silver nitrate (AgNO3, >99% purity; CAS. no. 209139), cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (20 wt % in H2O; CAS. no. 292737), sodium iodide (NaI, 99.5% pure; CAS. no. 383 112), sodium borohydride (NaBH4, >99% purity; CAS. no. 213432), hydroquinone (>99%; CAS. no. 123319), Triton X-100 (laboratory grade; CAS. no. 9002931), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, >99% purity; CAS. no. 1310732), and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%; CAS. no. 2 019 061 317) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30% in H2O; CAS. no. 211016) was obtained from BDH, and CTAB (>98% purity; CAS. no. 57090) and 5CB (>98% purity; CAS. no. C1550) from TCI America. Deionized water was Millipore pure water (resistivity: 18.1 megaohms or MΩ). PI-2555 was purchased from HD Microsystem and SE-1211 from Nissan Chemicals. Spherical spacers with different diameters were obtained from Dana Enterprise International Inc. Solvents used for the synthesis and purification were EMD Millipore grade, purified by PureSolv solvent purification system (Innovative Technology Inc.).
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4

Antioxidant Assay Protocol

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Succinicacid, potassium dihydrogen and monohydrogen phosphate, glycine, pyrogallol, hydrogen peroxide, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA), sulphosalicylic acid, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) were purchased from BDH, England. 5,5-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), dihydrogen phosphate, trichloroacetic acid, carbon tetrachloride, and thiobarbituric acid were purchased from Merck Company, Darmstadt. Melatonin was obtained from MP Biomedicals, LLC., France. Folic acid was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company, USA. The rest of all other chemicals used were of analytical grade.
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5

Catalase Activity Measurement Protocol

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The activity of the catalase enzyme was measured by using hydrogen peroxide disappearance through a spectrophotometer instrument with 240 nm wavelength. The solution used was phosphite buffer (Vivantis, Germany) solution with 0.05 molarity at 7pH; which was prepared by dissolving one pill of ready made buffer solution in 100ml DDWH2O and a 30 ml hydrogen peroxide (BDH, England) solution which has been prepared by diluting 50% hydrogen peroxide (0.17 mL) into 100 mL of buffered phosphite. 0.4 mL hydrogen peroxide was mixed with 2.5 mL regulated phosphite and placed in a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan) for 30 sec, and 0.1 mL of the prepared sample was added.The decreased absorption amount was measured at 240 nm wavelength in 60 s [9 ].
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6

Antioxidant Potential of Thymoquinone

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Succinic acid, potassium dihydrogen and mono-hydrogen phosphate, glycine, pyrogallol, hydrogen peroxide, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) sulphosalicylic acid and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) were purchased from BDH, England. 5,5-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), dihydrogen phosphate, trichloroacetic acid, carbon tetrachloride, and thiobarbituric acid were obtained from Merck Company, Darmstadt (Germany). Rest all other chemicals including carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were from Sigma-Aldrich Company (St. Louis. MO, USA). Thymoquinone (TQ) was naturally derived from the Nigella sativa leaves extract in the present study.
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