Vr 105

Monkey kidney MA104 cells were maintained in Eagle’s minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) and 10% tryptose phosphate broth (TPB). Monkey kidney Vero cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% FBS. Sendai virus (VR-105; ATCC, Manassas, VA) was propagated in Vero cells in serum-free DMEM containing trypsin (0.5 μg/ml) in static culture. Simian RVA SA11 (genotype G3P[2], VR-1565; ATCC) and human RVA Wa (genotype G1P[8], VR-2018; ATCC) strains were propagated in MA104 cells in serum-free MEM containing 10% TPB and trypsin (0.5 μg/ml) in static culture. Human RVA DS-1 (genotype G2P[4], VR-2550; ATCC) and bovine RVA Azuk-1 (genotype G21P[29]) (47 (link)) strains were propagated in MA104 cells in serum-free MEM containing 10% TPB and trypsin (0.5 μg/ml) in roller bottles (Corning, Corning, NY).

Yellow fever virus was generated from a cDNA clone, pACNR/FLYF-17Dx, a gift from Charles Rice at Rockefeller University [13 (link), 66 (link), 67 (link)]. YFV cDNA clones with mutation at NS4B P219 (YFV P219S, P219A and P219T) were generated based on pACNR/FLYF-17Dx, as described previously [13 (link)]. Sendai virus (SeV) (strain 52, ATCC VR-105) and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) (ATCC VR-1762) were purchased from ATCC.