Escherichia coli strains were incubated at 37 °C in Luria–Bertani (LB) medium (10 g/L tryptone, 5 g/L yeast extract, and 10 g/L NaCl) with 50 mg/L kanamycin. Authentic G-Rb1 and Gyp XVII were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biological Technology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The p-nitrophenyl β-d-glucopyranoside (pNPβGlu), p-nitrophenyl α-d-glucopyranoside (pNPαGlu), pNP-α-l-arabinofuranoside (pNPαAraf), pNP-α-l-arabinopyranoside (pNPαArap), p-nitrophenyl β-d-lactose (pNPβLac), p-nitrophenyl β-d-galactose (pNPβGal), p-nitrophenyl β-d-mannose (pNPβMan), p-nitrophenyl α-l-mannose (pNPαMan), p-nitrophenyl β-d-xylose (pNPβXyl), p-nitrophenyl β-d-fucose (pNPβFuc), p-nitrophenyl β-d-cellobioside (pNPβCel), pNP-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (pNPαRha), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile, methanol, and formic acid of HPLC grade were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).
The RAW264.7 cell line was purchased from the Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was obtained from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). A Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit were obtained from Bestbio (Shanghai, China) and R&D (Minneapolis, MN, USA).
The RAW264.7 cell line was purchased from the Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was obtained from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). A Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit were obtained from Bestbio (Shanghai, China) and R&D (Minneapolis, MN, USA).