1 hexanol

Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), benzoyl peroxide (BPO), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were purchased from abcr GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany. Ethylene di-methacrylate (EDMA) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and 1-hexanol were supplied from Merck GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.
We sonicated 1 g of polystyrene and 30 mL of deionized water for 5 min. The suspension was stirred (200 rpm) for 1.5 h at 30 °C and argon was bubbled through the solution. An emulsion of GMA (7 mL), EDMA (7 mL), SDS (0.3 g), PVP (3 g) 25,000 D, 1-hexanol, 0.56 g BPO, and 250 mL of water was prepared by sonicating the mixture (10 min), stirring at RT for 10 min, and bubbling argon through the solution for another 10 min. The emulsion was added to the suspension of the polystyrene particles and stirred for 2 h at 30 °C. The temperature was raised to 70 °C and kept constant for 24 h. The particles were separated and washed with water (3 times) and ethanol (3 times) and dried at 70 °C for 30 min. The volume of 1-hexanol was increased from 7 mL (S2) by 14 mL (S3) to 21 mL (S4).

Chromatographic
standards α-terpineol, geraniol, linalool, β-damascenone,
β-ionone, benzaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, benzyl alcohol, octanoic
acid, decanoic acid, (E)-2-hexenal, hexanal, 1-hexanol, 2-hexen-1-ol,
2-octanol (internal standard, I.S.), and the reagent NaCl and ethanol
(EtOH) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Water was purified
through a Milli-Q system Millipore (Bedfords, MA, USA).
Thin
film (TF) with polidimetilsiloxane and carboxen (PDMS/CAR) (carbon
fabric film thickness 450 μm), liners packed with Tenax TA,
and borosilicate magnetic stirrers were obtained from GERSTEL GmbH
& Co (Mülheim an der Ruhr, Deutschland). The BP21 capillary
column (50 m length, 0.25 mm i.d., and 0.25 μm film thickness)
was purchased from SGE (Ringwood, Australia).
Blender was bought
from Philips (Amsterdam, Netherlands). The refractometer,
oven, and six-position stirrer plates were purchased from Actylab
(Logroño, La Rioja, Spain). Gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry (GC–MS) was purchased from Agilent Technologies
(Palo Alto, CA, USA). The autosampler system consisted of a multipurpose
sampler (MPS) equipped with a tube tray, a thermal desorption unit
(TDU), and a cooled injection system (CIS-4) connected to a cryocooling
system. MPS and automated TDU were provided from GERSTEL.

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), propyl gallate, and sodium borate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and sodium borohydride were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Chromatography-HPLC grade solvents, including chloroform, methanol, and acetonitrile, were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Schwerte, Germany), J.T. Baker (Gliwice, Poland), and Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), respectively. The carboxymethyl-lysine standard was obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The standard substances for volatile compound analysis, ethyl acetate, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, 2,4-decadienal, 2-heptanone, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, and 1-heptanol were purchased from Merck (Hohenbrunn, Germany), and the standard mix was purchased from Supelco (parrafine mix, 44585-U, Bellefonte, PA, USA).

All compounds used in this study were in the analytical grades. The studied pesticides were malathion, parathion, paraoxon, dichlorvos, trichlorfon, carbaryl, pirimicarb, carbofuran chlorpyrifos, and diazinon. These materials and other chemicals, including cysteamine (Cys), tyrosine (Tyr), and tannic acid (TA), were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Ethanol, methanol, 1-hexanol, hexanal, heptanal, benzaldehyde, triethylamine, amylamine, benzylamine, pyridine, aniline, ammonia, benzene, toluene, p-xylene, acetic acid, isobutyric acid, phosphoric acid, pentane, hexane, heptane, dimethylphenylphosphine, silver nitrate (AgNO₃), gold (III) chloride trihydrate (HAuCl₄·3H₂O), sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), boric acid, tris-hydroxymethyl methane (Tris), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were obtained from Merck Chemical Company. Whatman Grade No. 2 filter paper was used as a sensor array substrate.
The standard solution of pesticide with a concentration of 30.0 µg mL⁻¹ was made in ethanol. This solution was diluted by deionized water to prepare the pesticide solution with lower concentrations. The buffer was provided by dissolving a desirable amount of Tris or boric acid in a certain volume of deionized water. The pH of the buffer was adjusted at a specified value by adding drop by drop of NaOH and HCl solution (1.0 M).

All the HPLC-grade (methanol, acetonitrile, hexane) and analytical-grade (orthophosphoric acid, ethanol, ethyl acetate, sodium hydroxide, sodium thiosulfate) reagents were acquired from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The standards used to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds (o-coumaric acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, vanillic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, hydroxytyrosol acetate, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, tyrosol acetate, pinoresinol, luteolin, apigenin, methyl-luteolin) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The standards used to identify and quantify the volatile compounds (4-methyl-2-pentanol, ethanol, ethyl propanoate, pentanal, 4-methylpentan-2-one, ethyl-2-methylbutyrate, butyl acetate, hexanal, 2-methylbutan-1-ol, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, (E)-2-hexenal, 3-octanone, octanal, (E)-2-heptenal, 2-heptanol, 1-hexanol, nonanal, (E)-2-nonenal, (E)-2-hexenol, acetic acid, propanoic acid, 1-octanol, butanoic acid, heptanoic acid) were purchased from Merck. Trolox, fluorescein, and 2,20-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).