Analytical grade ethanol

All test chemicals and the effluent extract were made up in analytical grade ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, UK). Controls (i.e. those containing no test-chemical) contained an amount of ethanol equal to the chemical doses to account for possible solvent effects. Chemical stocks were serially diluted in absolute ethanol to produce a range of working stocks, and these were aliquoted into the relevant well, allowed to evaporate to dryness and then dissolved in CBSS. In order to avoid excessive manipulation of hemocytes, and the associated problems with cell clumping, the desired concentration of test chemical in the hemocyte sample was achieved by making a double strength (2x) solution in CBSS and then mixing this with an equal volume of hemolymph to produce a solution of 50% hemolymph and 50% CBSS/test chemical.

Standard drugs of VGN and RGE were purchased from Biokemics (Hyderabad, India). A fixed-dose combination of VGN (50 mg) and RGE (100 mg) was not available in the local pharmacies; hence, a geometrically mixed tablet was prepared by mixing a sufficient quantity of VGN and RGE with solid dosage form excipients of microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, crospovidone, colloidal silicon dioxide, and stearic acid. Analytical grade ethanol was bought from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Purified water prepared using a double-distil water purifier in our laboratory was utilized throughout the analysis.

Corn starch (Merck SA, Athens, Greece), pea protein (Kirpitsas Ingredients, Serres, Greece), xanthan gum from Xanthomonas campestris (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany), frozen sour cherries (Alterra, S.A., Giannitsa, Greece), dry yeast (Sacharomyces cerevisiae, Global Synergy Buying Groups S.A., Thessaloniki, Greece), baking powder (Jotis S.A., Athens, Greece), and all other ingredients used for the preparation of gluten-free dough were locally purchased. Bis-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), analytical grade ethanol, quercetin, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol, homovanillic acid, phloretic acid, oleanolic acid, cinnamic acid, vanillin, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, syringic acid, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid, Trolox, DPPH, and TPTZ were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tyrosol, protocatechuic acid, sinapic acid, o-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid, and epicatechin were purchased from Fluka (Steinheim, Germany); vanillic acid was obtained from Serva (Heidelberg, Germany), while kaempferol, chrysin, naringenin, acacetin, and apigenin was obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay-Cedex, France). Ethanol/water mixture used for the extraction of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) was a distillation product from local producers.